Download Notes – Muscular System

Notes – Muscular System
Big Idea: ________________________________________________________________________
I.
Overview
The ________________ system is composed of _____________ tissue that is highly specialized to
______________(____________) when stimulated
This is the sole function of muscle tissue—
.
Because muscles contract, they:
1. cause _________________________
2. maintain _______________________
3. stabilize ________________________
4. Generate ________ – chemical changes for ______________ release __________ energy
which helps to maintain body temperature
Types of Muscles
1. _____________________________

are found in the walls of ________________________, where they function to regulate
blood __________________

are found in the walls of most ___________________________, where they function to
move ___________ through the digestive tract (often called ____________________
muscles)

are found in your __________, where they function to _____________ the pupil when a
bright ___________ is flashed in them

are found in your ____________, where they cause ____________________ when you
are cold

__________________ shaped cells that are tapered at the ends each with a single
___________________

occur in __________________ rather than bundles

smooth muscles are under ____________________ control, part of the ____________ _______________________ nervous system

______________ consciously control their contraction
2. ________________________________ - are found only in the ______________

responsible for pumping __________________ throughout the body

_________________ muscles, heart beats ___________________ (_________)

most impressive feature is its tireless, rhythmic __________________

_________________ cells with a single ___________________
3. ________________________________ - are usually attached to ___________

also called ____________________ muscles and __________________ muscles

____________________ - can consciously control the contraction (__________ _________________ nervous system)

cells are __________________ and __________________________________

can contract much more ________________ and _____________________ than the other
types, but it cannot _________________ such contraction without __________________
II.
Skeletal Muscle Activity

skeletal muscles are attached to bones by _________________

most muscles cross at least _________ joint so that they are attached to _______ different
bones.

as muscles ______________ they pull on _______________, which in turn pull on
________________ (however, the two ______________ usually do not move
__________________)

the end of the muscle attached to the _________________ (___________________) bone is
called the _________________

the end of the muscle attached to the _________________ bone is called the
__________________

skeletal muscles have at least ________ origin and ________ insertion
Classifying Actions of Skeletal Muscles
1. __________________ - decreases the angle of a joint
ex. ____________________________ muscle flexes your forearm
2. __________________ - increases the angle of a joint
ex. ____________________________ muscle extends your forearm
3. __________________ - moves a bone away from the midline
ex. ______________ muscle raises the arm
4. __________________ - moves a bone toward the midline
ex. _________________________ muscle lowers the arm
5. __________________ - produces an upward movement
ex. ____________________ elevates the mandible
6. __________________ - produces a downward movement
ex. ____________________ (originates on the ___________ bone and inserts on the
_______________) depresses the tongue
7. __________________ - moves bone around its long axis
ex. _______________________________ (abdominal muscles) rotates the trunk of the
body
Muscles typically work in __________________ pairs to move parts of the skeleton

what one muscle _____________, another muscle will ____________

__________________ oppose ___________________

__________________ oppose ___________________

__________________ oppose ___________________
Muscles that oppose each other are often referred to as __________________ and
_____________________

an __________________ is the muscle that causes the ______________ action

an _________________________ is the muscle that causes the ____________________
action

_______________________ and _______________________ are examples of agonist
and antagonist
Contraction of a Muscle
Contraction of a Muscle
All _______________ muscles are surrounded by a tough connective tissue covering ____________________

muscle is composed of several bundles of ________________________

each bundle of muscle fibers is composed of very tiny fibers - _____________________

each ________________ is composed of repeating units - ___________________

___________________ lie end to end in long chains

sarcomeres contain 2 different types of proteins filaments: _______________ and
__________________
Actin filaments are very __________ and look like 2 ___________ of beads that have been
_______________ together (LIGHT, or ____ zone)
Myosin filaments are very ____________ and look like a bundle of tiny ______________________
(DARK, or ____ zone)

when a muscle fiber contracts, the ____________ and _________________ filaments slide
past each other and bind ______ ions, causing the muscle fiber to _______________
In a fully relaxed muscle fiber, the actin and myosin filaments do not __________________
each other very much, _______ ions are reabsorbed

you can see alternating ____________ and ___________ bands
(____________________) under the microscope
As the muscle fiber contracts and the _______________ filaments begin sliding past the
_________________ filaments, you see a greater degree of _________________

the ___________ bands become ___________ and the light bands __________
In a fully contracted muscle fiber you are ____________ to see any light bands under the microscope
(because the actin and myosin filaments ______________ each other ___________________)
Each muscle is made up of ____________________ of muscle fibers

if you pick up a ____________ object only a __________ muscle fibers contract; a very
_________________ object requires _________ fibers to contract

the force of a _______________________ is determined by the _______________ of
muscle fibers stimulated

interestingly, we learn how many muscle fibers in a muscle to ________________ (when
was the last time you misjudged how many muscle fibers to contract?)
________________________ response - a muscle fiber either contract ________________ or does
not contract __________
IV.
Fuel for Muscle Contractions

_________ (_________________________________________) is used to fuel muscle
contraction.
1. muscles store enough ATP for about ____ to ____ seconds of activity
2. ATP must be _____________________ ____________________ if muscles are to continue
to contract…
Regenerating ATP (3 ways)
1. Creatine phosphate (___) replenishes ATP
a. P is taken from CP and added to ADP to make more ATP
b. ______ more seconds of ATP
2. Aerobic respiration provides MOST ATP
a. Chemical energy in _____________ is transferred into the useable chemical energy of ATP
b. Happens in the ___________________
c. Produces _____% of ATP for muscle activity

______________________ respiration ( ________________, _________ cycle, and
__________________________________) breaks down glucose in the presence of
______________ to produce ____________

____________ is required to break the bonds between ___________ and
_________________ filaments

when you die, _________ is no longer produced. The ____________ and _____________
filaments cannot detach from each other, resulting in _______________________________
(stiffening of the body)

rigor mortis begins about _____________ hours after death, with peak rigidity at _______
hours after death

the muscles will ______________ 48 to 60 hours after death because the muscle tissue
begins to _________________________
3. Anaerobic glycolysis & Lactic Acid fermentation
When muscles are working hard, the amount of _____________ being supplied to the muscle cells is
not enough for _______________ respiration to continue
Thus, the muscle cells must begin producing the _________ they require ______________________
(in the _______________ of ___________) by a process called ___________________
During fermentation, _____________ is broken down into ____________________ plus very small
amounts of __________

________________________ formed during fermentation causes the ______________
feeling associated with exercise

in excess— lactic acid build up can lead to _______________ _______________

The amount of ________ formed during fermentation is very small

And so large amounts of _______________ must be broken down
When ________________ stores run out, the body begins breaking down ____________________
(stored _________________)
When the glycogen stores in the muscles have been used up, the ________________ begin breaking
down __________ to produce _________
ATP production is greatly reduced when ________ is broken down to release ________________ for
_____________________________

as a result, the _______________________ of muscles ____________ dramatically
Muscle Fatigue

Muscle fatigue can happen after extremely _________________ exercise

Results from the lack of ______________, build up of ____________ ________, low supply of
____ and _________ imbalances

Causes muscles to contract less and less effectively and finally to _______ contracting
altogether

Can happen in marathon runners, but otherwise this is rare
V. Effects of Exercise on Muscles
You can ________________ muscle _________________ (ability to continue exercising) by
_______________ training and exercise.

both will strengthen the ____________ and ____________ muscles, allowing you to pull
more air into the _____________ and deliver a larger amount of __________ to the muscle
cells

thus the muscle cell can produce ________ ______________ for a longer period of time

__________________ can also increase the _________ and ________________ of your
muscles

the muscles of ___________ are generally ______________ than those of
_________________ because they are influenced by the male sex hormone __________________________
Synthetic drugs called ________________ _______________ will also increase the muscle size and
strength

__________________ trick muscles into growing larger because they resemble
_________________________

the problem with _______________ is that they have dangerous side effects
___________________
_________________________
______________________________________
VI.
Muscular Disorders
1. __________________________ - a pulled muscle
2. _________________ - a torn or overly stretched ____________, _____________, or
_____________________
3. ________________________ - inflammation of a _________________
4. _______________ - a sudden involuntary contraction of a single muscle that is _______
painful
5. ________________ - a sudden involuntary contraction of a single muscle that is
_______________
6. ________________________________ - an inherited condition in which the muscles of the
body _______________________