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语言学英语
语言学》方面的术语及其英文解释
下面是一些在网上找到的语言学专业词汇，希望大家准备专业（语言学及应用语言学）口试
有帮助^-^~~
很多（一共有 174 个），不过看一下至少可以有个印象，在考场上才不会死的太惨，只需要耐
心一点点就可以了……
Define the following terms:
1.
design feature:are features that define our human languages,such as
arbitrariness,duality,creativity,displacement,cultural transmission,etc.
2.
functions
function: the use of language tocommunicate,to think ,etc.Language
inclucle
imformative
function,interpersonal
function,interpersonal
function,performative
function,performative
function,emotive
function,phatic
communion,recreational function and metalingual function.
3.
etic: a term in contrast with emic which originates from American linguist
Pike’s distinction of phonetics and phonemics.Being etic mans making far too many,
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as well as behaviously inconsequential,differentiations,just as was ofter the case
with phonetic vx.phonemic analysis in linguistics proper.
4.
emic: a tehttp://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/ae819afb0aaf71ff22cf3812rm
in contrast with etic which originates from American linguist Pike’s distinction
of phonetics and phonemics.An emic set of speech acts and events must be one that
is validated as meaningful via final resource to the native members of a speech
communith rather than via qppeal to the investigator’s ingenuith or intuition alone.
5.
synchronic: a kind of description which takes a fixed instant(usually,but
not necessarily,the present),as its point of observation.Most grammars are of this
kind.
6.
diachronic:study of a language is carried through the course of its
history.
7.
prescriptive: the study of a language is carried through the course of its
history.
8.
prescriptive: a kind of linguistic study in which things are prescribed
how ought to be,i.e.laying down rules for language use.
9.
descriptive: a kind of linguistic study in which things are
justhttp://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/ae819afb0aaf71ff22cf3812 described.
10.
arbitrariness: one design feature of human language,which refers to the
face that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning.
11.
duality: one design feature of human language,which refers to the property
of having two levels of are composed of elements of the secondary.level and each of
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the two levels has its own principles of organization.
12.
displacement: one design feature of human language,which means human
language enable their users to symbolize objects,events and concepts which are not
present c in time and space,at the moment of communication.
13.
phatic communion: one function of human language,which refers to the
social interaction of language.
14.
metalanguage: certain kinds of linguistic signs or terms for the analysis
and description of particular studies.
15.
macrolinguihttp://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/ae819afb0aaf71ff22cf3812stics:
he
interacting study between language and language-related disciplines such as
psychology,sociology,ethnograph,science
etc.Branches
of
macrolinguistics
of
include
law
and
artificial
intelligence
psycholinguistics,sociolinguistics,
anthropologic
al linguistics,et
16.
competence: language user’s underlying knowledge about the system of
rules.
17.
performance: the actual use of language in concrete situation.
18.
langue: the linguistic competence of the speaker.
19.
parole: the actual phenomena or data of linguistics(utterances).
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20．
21．
Articulatory phonetics: the study of production of speechsounds.
Coarticulation: a kind of phonetic process in which simultaneous or
overlapping articulations are involved..Coarticulation can be further divided
intohttp://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/ae819afb0aaf71ff22cf3812
anticipatory
coarticulation and perseverative coarticulation.
22．
Voicing: pronouncing a sound (usually a vowel or a voiced consonant) by
vibrating the vocal cords.
23．
Broad and narrow transcription: the use of a simple set of symbols in
transcription is called broad transcription;the use of a simple set of symbols in
transcription is called broad transcription;while,the use of more specific symbols
to show more phonetic detail is referred to as narrow transcription.
24．
Consonant: are sound segments produced by constricting or obstructing
the vocal tract at some place to divert,impede,or completely shut off the flow of
air in the oral cavity.
25．
Phoneme: the abstract element of sound, identified as being distinctive
in a particular language.
26．
/t/in
Allophone:any of the different forms of a phoneme(eg.is an allophone of
English.When
/t/occurs
ihttp://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/ae819afb0aaf71ff22cf3812n words like step,it is
unaspirated.Bothand are allophones of the phoneme/t/.
27 ．
Vowl:are sound segments produced without such obstruction,so no
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turbulence of a total stopping of the air can be perceived.
28．
Manner of articulation; in the production of consonants,manner of
articulation refers to the actual relationship between the articulators and thus the
way in which the air passes through certain parts of the vocal tract.
29 ．
Place of articulation: in the production of consonants,place of
articulation refers to where in the vocal tract there is approximation,narrowing,or
the obstruction of air.
30 ．
Distinctive features: a term of phonology,i.e.a property which
distinguishes one phoneme from another.
31．
never
Complementary distribution: the relation between tow speech sounds that
occur
in
the
same
environment.Allophones
of
the
same
phoneme
are
uhttp://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/ae819afb0aaf71ff22cf3812sually
in
complementary distribution.
32．
IPA: the abbreviation of International Phonetic Alphabet,which is devised
by the International Phonetic Association in 1888 then it has undergong a number of
revisions.IPA is a comprised system employing symbols of all sources,such as Roman
small letters,italics uprighted,obsolete letters,Greek letters,diacritics,etc.
33．
Suprasegmental:suprasegmental featuresare those aspects of speech that
involve more than single sound segments.The principal supra-segmental features
aresyllable,stress,tone,,and intonation.
34．
segments.The
intonation.
Suprasegmental:aspects of speech that involve more than single sound
principle
suprasegmental
features
are
syllable,stress,tone,and
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35.
morpheme:the smallest unit of language in terms of relationship between
expression and content,a unit that cannot be divided into further small
uhttp://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/ae819afb0aaf71ff22cf3812nits
without
destroying or drastically altering the me
aning,whether it is lexical or grammatical.
36.
compoundoly morphemic words which consist wholly of free morphemes,such
as classroom,blackboard,snowwhite,etc.
37.
inflection: the manifestation of grammatical relationship through the
addition of inflectional affixes,such as number,person,finiteness,aspect and
case,which do not change the grammatical class of the stems to which they are attached.
38.
affix: the collective term for the type of formative that can be used only
when added to another morpheme(the root or stem).
39.
derivation: different from compounds,derivation shows the relation
between roots and affixes.
40.
root: the base from of a word that cannot further be analyzed without total
lass of identity.
41.
allomorph:;
any
of
the
different
form
of
a
morpheme.Forhttp://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/ae819afb0aaf71ff22cf3812
example,in English the plural mortheme is but it is pronounced differently in
different
environments
as/s/in
cats,as/z/
in
dogs
and
as/iz/
in
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classes.So/s/,/z/,and /iz/ are all allomorphs of the plural morpheme.
42.
Stem: any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an inflectional
affix can be added.
43.
bound morpheme: an element of meaning which is structurally dependent on
the world it is added to,e.g. the plural morpheme in ―dog’s‖.
44.
free morpheme: an element of meaning which takes the form of an independent
word.
45.
lexeme:A separate unit of meaning,usually in the form of a word(e.g.‖dog
in the manger‖)
46.
lexicon: a list of all the words in a language assigned to various lexical
categories and provided with semantic interpretation.
47.
grammatical word: word expressing grammatical meanings,such
conjunction,prepositiohttp://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/ae819afb0aaf71ff22cf3812
ns,articles and pronouns.
48.
lexical word: word having lexical meanings,that is ,those which refer to
substance,action and quality,such as nouns,verbs,adjectives,and verbs.
49.
open-class: a word whose membership is in principle infinite or
unlimited,such as nouns,verbs,adjectives,and many adverbs.
50.
blending: a relatively complex form of compounding,in which two words are
blended by joining the initial part of the first word and the final part of the second
word,or by joining the initial parts of the two words.
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术语 2
51.
loanvoord: a process in which both form and meaning are borrowed with only
a slight adaptation,in some cases,to eh phonological system of the new language that
they enter.
52.
loanblend: a process in which part of the form is native and part is
borrowed, but the meaning is fully borrowed.
53.http://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/ae819afb0aaf71ff22cf3812
leanshift:
a process in which the meaning is borrowed,but the form is native.
54.
acronym: is made up form the first letters of the name of an
organization,which has a heavily modified headword.
55.
loss: the disappearance of the very sound as a morpheme in the phonological
system.
56.
back-formation: an abnormal type of word-formation where a shorter word
is derived by deleting an imagined affix from a long form already in the language.
57.
adjacent
assimilation: the change of a sound as a result of the influence of an
sound,which
is
called.‖contact‖or‖contiguous‖assimilation.
more
specifically
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58.
dissimilation: the influence exercised.By one sound segment upon the
articulation of another, so that the sounds become less alike,or different.
59.
incorrect
folk etymology: a change in form of a word or phrase,resulting from an
phttp://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/ae819afb0aaf71ff22cf3812opular
nation of the origin or meaning of the term or from the influence of more familiar
terms mistakenly taken to be analogous
60.
category:parts of speech and function,such as the classification of words
in terms of parts of speech,the identification of terms of parts of speech,the
identification of functions of words in term of subject,predicate,etc.
61.
concord: also known as agreement,is the requirement that the forms of two
or more words in a syntactic relationship should agree with each other in terms of
some categories.
62.
syntagmatic relation between one item and others in a sequence,or between
elements which are all present.
63.
paradigmatic relation: a relation holding between elements replaceable
with each other at a particular place in a structure,or between one element present
and he others absent.
64.
immediate
constituent
http://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/ae819afb0aaf71ff22cf3812the
analysis:
analysis
of
a
sentence in terms of its immediate constituents---word groups(or phrases),which are
in trun analyzed into the immediate constituents of their own,and the process goes
on until the ultimate constituents are reached.
65.
endocentric construction: one construction whose distribution is
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functionally equivalent,or approaching equivalence,to one of its constituents,which
serves as the centre,or head, of the whole.Hence an endocentric construction is also
known as a headed construction.
66.
exocentric construction: a construction whose distribution is not
functionally equivalent to any to any of its constituents.
67.
deep structure: the abstract representation of the syntactic properties
of a construction,i.e.the underlying level of structural relations between its
different constituents ,such sa the relation between,the underlying subject and its
verb,or
a
verb
and
its
http://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/ae819afb0aaf71ff22cf3812object.
68.
surfacte structure: the final stage in the syntactic derivation of a
construction,which closely corresponds to the structural organization of a
construction people actually produce and receive.
69.
c-command: one of the similarities,or of the more general features, in
these two government relations,is technically called constituent command,c-command
for short.
70.
government and binding theory: it is the fourth period of development
Chomsky’s TG Grammar, which consists of X-bar theme: the basis,or the starting
point,of the utterance.
71.
communicative dynamism: the extent to which the sentence element
contributes to the development of the communication.
72.
ideational function: the speaker’s experience of the real
world,including the inner world of his own consciousness.
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73.
interpersonal
function:
the
use
of
language
to
ehttp://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/ae819afb0aaf71ff22cf3812stablish and maintain
social relations: for the expression of social roles,which include the communication
roles created by language itself;and also for getting things done,by means of the
interaction between one person and another..
74.
textual function: the use of language the provide for making links with
itself and with features of the situation in which it is used.
75.
conceptual meaning: the central part of meaning, which contains
logical,cognitive,or denotative content.
76.
denotation: the core sense of a word or a phrade that relates it to
phenomena in the real world.
77.
connotation: a term in a contrast with denotation,meaning the properties
of the entity a word denotes.
78.
reference: the use of language to express a propostion,meaning the
properties of the entity a word denotes.
79.
reference:
the
use
of
anguage
expresshttp://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/ae819afb0aaf71ff22cf3812
to
a
proposition,i.e. to talk about things in context.
80.
sense: the literal meaning of a word or an expression,independent of
situational context.
81.
synonymy: is the technical name for the sameness relation.
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82.
complentary antonymy: members of a pair in complementary antonymy are
complementary to each field completely,such as male,female,absent.
83.
gradable antongymy: members of this kind are gradable,such as
long:short,big;small,fat;thin,etc.
84.
do
converse
not
antonymy: a special kind of antonymy in that memembers of a pair
constitute
a
positive-negative
opposition,such
as
buy;sell,lend,borrow,above,below,etc.
85.
relational opposites:converse antonymy in reciprocal social
roles,kinship relations,temporal and spatial relations.There are always two entities
involved.One
presupposes
the
other.
The
shorter,better;worse.etc
are
inhttp://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/ae819afb0aaf71ff22cf3812stances of relational
opposites.
86.
hyponymy: a relation between tow words,in which the meaning of one
word(the superordinate)is included in the meaning of another word(the hyponym)
87.
superordinate: the upper term in hyponymy,i.e.the class name.A
superordinate usually has several hyponyms.Under animal,for example,there are
cats,dogs,pigs,etc,
88.
semantic component: a distinguishable element of meaning in a word with
two values,e.g
89.
compositionality: a principle for sentence analysis, in which the meaning
of a sentence depends on the meanings of the constituent words and the way they are
combined.
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90.
selection restriction:semantic restrictions of the noun phrases that a
particular lexical item can take,e.g.regret requires a human subject.
91.
prepositional logic: also known as prepositional calculus or sentential
calculus,is thhttp://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/ae819afb0aaf71ff22cf3812e study
of the truth conditions for propositions:how the truth of a composite propositions
and the connection between them.
92.
proposition;what is talk about in an utterance,that part of the speech
act which has to do with reference.
93.
predicate logic: also predicate calculus,which studies the internal
structure of simple.
94.
assimilation theory: language(sound,word,syntax,etc)change or process
by which features of one element change to match those of another that precedes or
follows.
95.
cohort theory: theory of the perception of spoken words proposed in the
mid-1980s.It saaumes a ―recognition lexicon‖in which each word is represented by
a full and independent‖recognistion element‖.When the system receives the
beginning of a relevant acoustic signal,all elements matching it are fully
acticated,and,as more of the signal is received,the system tries to match it
ihttp://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/ae819afb0aaf71ff22cf3812ndependently with each
of them,Wherever it fails the element is deactivated;this process continues until
only one remains active.
96.
context effect: this effect help people recognize a word more readily when
the receding words provide an appropriate context for it.
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97.
frequency effect: describes the additional ease with which a word is
accessed due to its more frequent usage in language.
98.
inference in context: any conclusion drawn from a set of proposition,from
something someone has said,and so on.It includes things that,while not following
logically,are implied,in an ordinary sense,e.g.in a specific context.
99.
immediate assumption: the reader is supposed to carry out the progresses
required to understand each word and its relationship to previous words in the
sentence as soon as that word in encountered.
100.
language
perception:language
awarhttp://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/ae819afb0aaf71ff22cf3812eness
of
things
through the physical senses, esp, sight.
术语 3
101.
language comprehension: one of the three strand of psycholinguistic
research,which studies the understanding of language.
102.
language production: a goal-directed activety,in the sense that people
speak and write in orde to make friends,influence people,convey information and so
on.
103.
language production: a goal-directed activity,in the sense that people
speak and write in order to make friends,influence people,concey information and so
on.
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104.
lexical ambiguity:ambiguity explained by reference to lexical
meanings:e.g.that of I saw a bat,where a bat might refer to an animal or,among
others,stable tennis bat.
105.
macroproposition:general propositions used to form an overall
macrostructure of the story. 106.
modular:which a assumes that the mind is
structhttp://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/ae819afb0aaf71ff22cf3812uied
into
separate modules or components,each governed by its own principles and operating
independently of others.
107.
parsing:the task of assigning words to parts of speech with their
appropriate accidents,traditionally e.g.to pupils learning lat in grammar.
108.
propositions:whatever is seen as expressed by a sentence which makes a
statement.It is a property of propositions that they have truth values.
109.
psycholinguistics: is concerned primarily with investigating the
psychological reality of linguistic structure.Psycholinguistics can be divided into
cognitive psycholing uistics(being concerned above all with making inferences about
the content of human mind,and experimental psycholinguistics(being concerned somehow
whth empirical matters,such as speed of response to a particular word).
110.
psycholinguistic reality: the reality of grammar,etc.as a purported
http://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/ae819afb0aaf71ff22cf3812account of structures
represented in the mind of a speaker.Often opposed,in discussion of the merits of
alternative grammars,to criteria of simplicity,elegance,and internal consistency.
111.
schemata in text: packets of stored knowledge in language processing.
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112.
story structure: the way in which various parts of story are arranged
or organized.
113.
writing process: a series of actions or events that are part of a writing
or continuing developmeng.
114.
communicative competence: a speaker’s knowledge of the total set of
rules,conventions,etc.governing
the
skilled
use
of
language
in
a
society.Distinguished by D.Hymes in the late 1960s from Chomsley’s concept of
competence,in the restricted sense of knowledge of a grammar.
115.
is‖genden
gender difference: a difference in a speech between men and women
difference‖
116.
linguistic
determinism:http://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/ae819afb0aaf71ff22cf3812 one of the
two points in Sapir-Whorf hypothesis,i.e.language determines thought.
117.
linguistic relativity: one of the two points in Spir-Whorf
hypotheis,i.e.there’s no limit to the stru
ctural diversity of languages.
118.
linguistic sexism:many differences between me and women in language use
are brought about by nothing less than women’s place in society.
119.
sociolinguistics of language: one of the two things in
sociolinguistics,in which we want to look at structural things by paying attention
to language use in a social context.
120.
sociolinguistics of society;one of the two things in sociolinguistics,in
which we try to understand sociological things of society by examining linguistic
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phenomena of a speaking community.
121.
variationist linguistics: a branch of linguistics,which studies the
relationship
between
speakers’social
startshttp://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/ae819afb0aaf71ff22cf3812 and phonological
variations.
122.
performative: an utterance by which a speaker does something does
something,as apposed to a constative,by which makes a statement which may be true
or false.
123.
constative: an utterance by which a speaker expresses a proposition which
may be true or false.
124.
locutionary act: the act of saying something;it’s an act of conveying
literal meaning by means of syntax,lexicon,and phonology.Namely.,the utterance of
a sentence with determinate sense and reference.
125.
illocutionary act: the act performed in saying something;its force is
identical with the speaker’s intention.
126.
perlocutionary act: the act performed by or resulting from saying
something,it’s the consequence of,or the change brought about by the utterance.
127.
conversational implicature: the extra meaning not contained in the
literal
http://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/ae819afb0aaf71ff22cf3812utterances,underatanda
ble to the listener only when he shares the speaker’s knowledge or knows why and
how he violates intentionally one of the four maxims of the cooperative principle.
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128.
entailment:relation between propositions one of which necessarily
follows from the other:e.g.‖Mary is running‖entails,among other things,‖Mary is
not standing still‖.
129.
ostensive communication: a complete characterization of communication
is that it is ostensive-infer-ential.
130.
communicative principle of relevance:every act of ostensive
communication communicates the presumption of its own optimal relevance.
131.
relevance: a property that any utterance,or a proposition that it
communicates,must,in the nature of communication,necessarily have.
132.
Q-principle: one of the two principles in Horn’s scale,i.e.Make your
contribution
necessary
(G.Relation,Quantihttp://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/ae819afb0aaf71ff22cf3812ty2,
Manner);Say no more than you must(given Q).
133.
and/or
division of pragmatic labour: the use of a marked crelatively complex
expression
when
a
corresponding
unmarkeda(simpler,less‖effortful‖)alternate expression is available tends to be
interpreted as conveying a marked message(one which the unmarked alternative would
not or could not have conveyed).
134.
constraints on Horn scales:the hearer-based o-Principle is a sufficiency
condition in the sense that information provided is the most the speaker is able to..
135.
third-person narrator: of the narrator is not a character in the
fictional world,he or she is usually called a third –person narrator.
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136.
I-narrator: the person who tells the story may also be a character in
the fictional world of the story,relating the story after the event.
137.
direct
speech:
a
kind
of
speech
presentahttp://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/ae819afb0aaf71ff22cf3812tion in which
the character said in its fullest form.
138.
indirect speech: a kind of speech presentation in which the character
said in its fullest form.
139.
indirect speech: a kind of speech presentation which is an amalgam of
direct speech.
140.
narrator’s repreaentation of speech acts: a minimalist kind of
presentation in which a part of passage can be seen as a summery of a longer piece
of
discourse,and
therefore
even
more
backgruonded
than
indirect
speech
representation would be.
141.
narrator‖srepresentation of thought acts: a kind of categories used by
novelists to represent the thoughts of their of characters are exactly as that used
to present speech acts.For example,,she considered his unpunctuality.
142.
thoughts
indirect thought: a kind of categories used by novelist to represent the
of
their
characters
are
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exactlyhttp://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/ae819afb0aaf71ff22cf3812 as that used to
present indirect speech.For example,she thought that he woule be late.
143.
fee indirect speech: a further category which can occur,which is an
amalgam of direct speech and indirect speech features.
144.
narrator’s representation of thought acts:a kind of the categories used
by novelists to present the thoughts of therir characters are exactly the same as
those used to represent a speech e.g.He spent the day thinking.
145.
indirect thought: a kind of categories used by novelist to represent the
thoughts of their characters are exactly as that used to present indirect speech.For
example,she thought that he would be late.
146.
fee indirect speech: a further category which can occur,which is an
amalgam of direct speech and indirect speech features.
147.
narrator‖s
representation
of
thought:
categoriehttp://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/ae819afb0aaf71ff22cf3812s
used
the
by
novelists to present the thoughts of their characters are exactly the same as those
used to represent a speech e.g.He spent the day thinking.
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148.
free indirect thought: the categories used by novelists to represent the
thoughts of their characters are exactly the same as those used to represent a
speech,e.g.He was bound to be late.
149.
direct thought: categories used by novelists to represent the thoughts
of their characters are exactly the same as those used to represent a speech..
150.
computer
system:
the
machine
itself
together
with
a
keyboard,printer,screen,disk drives,programs,etc.
术语 4
151.
computer literacy: those people who have sufficient knowledge and skill
in the use of computers and computer software.
152.
computer linguistics: a branch of applied liguistics,dealing with
comhttp://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/ae819afb0aaf71ff22cf3812puter processing of
human language.
153.
Call: computer-assisted language learning(call),refers to the use of a
computer in the teaching or learning of a second or foreign language.
154.
programnded instruction: the use of computers to monitor student
progress,to direct students into appropriate lessons,material,etc.
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155.
local area network: are computers linked together by cables in a
classroom,lab,or building.They offer teachers a novel approach for creating new
activities for students that provide more time and experience with target language.
156.
CD-ROM: computer disk-read only memory allows huge amount of information
to be stored on one disk with quich access to the information.Students and teachers
can access information quickly and efficiently for use in and out of the classroom.
157.
machine translation: refers to the use of machine(usually
http://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/ae819afb0aaf71ff22cf3812computer)to
translate
texts from one language to another.
158.
concordance: the use of computer to search for a particular word,sequence
of words.or perhaps even a part of speech in a text.The computer can also receive
all examples of a particular word,usually in a context,which is a further aid to the
linguist.It can also calculate the number of occurrences of the word so that
information on the frequency of the word may be gathered.
159.
annotation: if corpora is said to be unannotated-it appears in its
existing raw state of plain text,whereas annotated corpora has been enhanced with
various type of linguistic information,
160.
annotation: if corpora is said to be unannotated—it appears in its
existing raw state of plain text,whereas annotated corpora has been enhanced with
various type of linguistic information.
161.
informational
retrieval:
the
term
conventionalhttp://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/ae819afb0aaf71ff22cf3812ly
though
somewhat inaccurately,applied to the type of actrvity discussed in this volume.An
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information retrieval system does not infor(i.e.change the knowledge of)the user on
the subject of his inquiry.it merely informs on the existence(or non-existence)and
whereabouts of documents relating to his request.
162.
exploiting
document representative: information structure is concerned with
relationships,between
documents
to
improve
the
efficiency
and
effectiveness of retrieval strategies.It covers specifically a logical organization
of information,such as document representatives,for the purpose of information
retrieval.
163.
precision: the proportion of retrieval documents which are relevant.
164.
recall: the proportion of retrieval documents which are relevant.
165.
applied linguistics: applications of linguistics to study of second and
foreign
language
learning
http://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/ae819afb0aaf71ff22cf3812teaching,and
and
other
areas such as translation,the compiling of dictionaries,etc
166.
communicative competence: as defined by Hymes,the knowledge and ability
involved in putting language to communicative use.
167.
syllabus:the planning of course of instruction.It is a description of
the cousr content,teaching procedures and learning experiences.
168.
interlanguage:the type of language constructed by second or foreign
language learners who are still in the process of learning a language,i.e.the language
system between the target language and t
he learner’s native language.
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169.
transfer: the influence of mother tongue upon the second language.When
structures of the two languages are similar,we can get positive transfer of
facilitation;when the two languages are different in structures,negative transfer
of inference occurs and result in errors.
170.
http://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/ae819afb0aaf71ff22cf3812
validity:
the degree to which a test meansures what it is meant to measure.There are four kinds
of validity,i.e.content validity,construct validity,empirical valiodity,and face
validity.
171.
rebiability: can be defined as consistency.There are two kinds of
reliability,i.e.stability reliability,and equiralence reliability.
172.
hypercorrection: overuse of a standard linguistic features,in terms of
both frequency,i.e.overpassing the speakers of higher social status,and overshooting
the target,i.e.extending the use of a form inalinguistic environment where it is not
expected to occur,For example,pronouncing ideas as[ai’dier],extending pronouncing
post-vocalic/r/ in an envorienment where it’s not supposed to occur.
173.
discrete point test: a kind of test in which language structures or skills
are further divided into individual points of phonology,syntax and lexis.
174.http://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/ae819afb0aaf71ff22cf3812
integrative test: a kind of test in which language structures or skills are further
divided into individual points of phonology,syntax and lexis.
音节 syllable
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字母 alphabet
语言中的歧异现象 ambiguity
发音 pronunciation
广东话 Cantonese
元音 vowel
辅音 consonant
声调 tone
声调语言 tone language
韵律 rhyme
押韵（v）rhyme
节奏 rhythm
语调 intonation
语音 speech of sound
词汇 lexicon
语法 grammar
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构词法 word-building/-formation
形态变化 morphological change
语素 morpheme
声带 vocal cords
发音器官 organs of speech
呼吸器官 respiratory organs
音标 phonetic alphabet
汉语拼音
Chinese Phonetic Alphabet
音位 phoneme
属性 attribute
发音 articulation
甲骨文 oracle bone inscriptions
笔画 stroke
部首 character component
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表意文字 ideograph
象形文字 http://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/ae819afb0aaf71ff22cf3812pictograph
实词 notional word
名词 noun
动词 verb
形容词 adjective
副词 adverb
代词 pronoun
虚词 function word
连词 conjunction
语气词 mood word
介词 preposition
叹词 interjection
助词 auxiliary word
情态动词 modal verb
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主语 subject
宾语 object
定语 attribute
补语 complement
谓语 predicate
表语 predicative
状语 adverbial
修饰语 modifier
同义词 synonym
反义词 antonym
词组 word group
时态 tense
专有名词 proper noun
专业术语 register
语境 context
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词尾 ending
后缀 suffix
前缀 infix
本义 original meaning
基本义 basic meaning
引申义 extended meaning
成语 set phrase / idiom
方言 dialect
句法学 Syntax
语义学 Semantics
语用学 Pragmatics
应用语言学 Applied linguistics
任意性 arbitrary / arbitrariness
能产性 prodhttp://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/ae819afb0aaf71ff22cf3812uctivity
二重性 duality
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移位性 displacement
创造性 creativity
软腭 soft palate
硬腭 hard palate
齿龈 teeth ridge
气流 air stream
重音 stress
注音（v）annotate
词根 root
词干 stem
词序 word order
索绪尔 Saussure
Course in General Linguistics
言语活动 language
言语 parole
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语言 langue
语言能力 competence
言语行为 performance
洪堡德
（Karl Wilhelm von Humboldt）
孤立语 isolating language
黏着语 agglutinative language
屈折语 inflectional language
施来赫尔（A Schleicher）
葆朴（F Bopp）
格林兄弟
（Jacob und Wilhelm Grimm）
民俗学 folklore
字 character
词 word
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句子 sentence
注释 note
练习 exercise
作业 assignment
书写规则 the rule of writing
短文 passage
语速 speech tempo
课件 courseware
教
学
目
标
objective://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/ae819afb0aaf71ff22cf3812ar
教学步骤 teaching procedure
分班考试 placement test
中介语 interlanguage
对比分析 contrastive analysis
偏误分析 Error analysis
正迁移 positive transfer
teaching
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负迁移 negative transfer
语言习得 Language Acquisition
目的语 Target Language
第二语言 Second Language
结构主义 Structuralism
行为主义 Behaviorism
言语行为理论
speech act theory
会话原则
principle of conversation
会话含义
conversational implication
utterance meaning
准则 maxim
意义扩大 widening of meaning
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意义缩小 narrowing of meaning
意义改变 meaning shift
语言习得装置 LAD
Language acquisition device
文学类
创作方法 method of creation
基本特征 essential features
世界观 world outlook
文学风格 literary style
思想感情 emotional feeling
现实主义 Realism
浪漫主义 Romanticism
古典主义 Classicism
文
学
鉴
赏
aphttp://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/ae819afb0aaf71ff22cf3812preciation
literary
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appreciation of literature
文学批评 literary criticism
文学理论 literary theory
文学流派 schools of literature
语言艺术 linguistic arts
文学作品 literary works
叙事诗 narrative poetry
抒情诗 lyric poetry
杂文 essay
长篇小说 novel
中篇小说 medium-length novel
短篇小说 short story
诗歌 poetry
散文 prose
戏剧 drama
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悲剧 tragedy
喜剧 comedy
正剧（严肃剧）solemn drama
话剧 stage play
文学剧本 literary script
蒙太奇 montage
当代文学 contemporary
文化遗产 literary heritage
出版 publication
调节 regulation
知识分子 intellectual
学历 educational background
定义 definition
对应的 corresponding
创新意识
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creative consciousness
文学界 literary circle
文学潮流 literary trend
个人价值 individual value
文艺复兴 Renaissance
启蒙运动 Enlightenment
人本 http://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/ae819afb0aaf71ff22cf3812 主义 humanism
英雄主义 heroism
生命意识 sense of life
文学成就 literary achievement
传说 legend
想象力 imagination
人权 human right
文学色彩 literary flavor
表现手法
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technique of expression
超自然的力量
supernatural power
史诗 epic
坚强的意志 strong will
基调 keynote
历史剧 historical play
时间 time
地点 site
主题 theme
鲜明的形象 distinctive image
性格 character
特征 characteristic
美学价值 aesthetic value
夸张 exaggeration
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对比 contrast
民间文学 folk literature
社会地位 social status
汉学 Sinology
宗教信仰 religion
崇拜 worship
道教 Taoism
孔子 Confucius
儒家的 Confucian
迷信 superstition
神话 mythology
皇帝 emperor
黄帝 Yellow Emperor
等级制度 hierarchy
禁忌 taboo
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孝顺 filial duty
编年史 annals
断代史 dynastic hishttp://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/ae819afb0aaf71ff22cf3812tory
朝代 dynasty
片名 title
原著 original version
对白 dialogue
字幕 subtitle
镜头 take
片段 clip
画面 picture
专业 speciality / major
书法 calligraphy
押韵（v）be in rhyme
范畴 category
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Analytical thinking
四大名著 Four Classis
〈水浒传〉
Outlaws of the Marsh
〈红楼梦〉
The Dream of Red Chamber
〈三国演义〉
Three Kingdoms
〈西游记〉
The Journey the West
元曲〈赵氏孤儿〉
Zhao’s Orphan
〈中国孤儿〉伏尔泰
Chinese Orphan
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〈论语〉
The Analects of Confucius
〈诗经〉The Book of Songs
〈孟子〉Mencius
唐传奇 Tales of marvel
康德 Kant
马克思 Marx
恩格斯 Engels
歌德 Goethe
（浮士德 Faust ）
贝多芬 Beethoven
海顿 Hayden
舒曼 Schumann
黑格尔 Hegel
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语言学方面的
://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/ae819afb0aaf71ff22cf3812writing system 书写系统 word
order 词序 word segmentation 分词 word set 词集
word segmentation unit 分词单位 [切词单位]word segmentation standard for Chinese 中
文分词规范
voice recognition 声音辨识 [语音识别]vowel 元音 vowel harmony 元音和
谐 [元音和谐]
verb 动词 verb phrase 动词组 [动词短语]verb resultative compound 动补复合词
verbal association 词语联想 甲骨文 oracle bone inscriptions
verbal phrase 动词组 verbal production 言语生成 vernacular 本地话
V-O construction (verb-object) 动宾结构 accent 口音/Phonetics 重音
Universal Grammar 普遍性语法 transformation 变形 [转换]
Transformational Grammar 变形语法 [转换语法] nested structure 崁套结构
tone 音调 tone language 音调语言 text understanding 文本理解 text analyzing 文本分
析
text coherence 文本一致性 synonym 同义词 syntactic category 句法类别 syntactic
constituent 句法成分 syntactic rule 语法规律 [句法规则] structural transfer 结构
转换 structuralism 结构主义 stem 词干
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stop 爆破音 social context 社会环境 simple word 单纯词 situation 情境 sememe 意素
phoneme 音素
punhttp://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/ae819afb0aaf71ff22cf3812ctuation 标 点 符 号
part of speech (POS) 词类 particle 语助词 phrase 词组 [短语] phonemic stratum 音素
层 rhetorical structure 修辞结构 rhetorics 修辞学 proper name 专有名词 polysemy 多
义性 postposition 方位词 negative sentence 否定句 multilingual translation 多语翻
译 Morphology 构词学 Montague Grammar 蒙泰究语法 [蒙塔格语法]mood 语气 morpheme 词
素 morphological affix 构词词缀 modal 情态词 modal auxiliary 情态助动词 modal logic
情态逻辑 modifier 修饰语 metaphor 隐喻 M-D (modifier-head) construction 偏正结构
locution 惯用语 linguistic unit 语言单位 loan 外来语 lexical ambiguity 词汇歧义
lexical category 词 类 LAD (language acquisition device) 语 言 习 得 装 置 language
acquisition 语言习得 intonation 语调 interlingua 中介语言 interlingual 中介语(的）
innateness position 语法天生假说 inflection/inflexion 屈折变化 inflectional affix
屈折词缀
indirect object 间接宾语 immediate constituent 直接成份 imperative 祈使句 homograph
同形异义词 homonym 同音异义词 homophone 同音词 homophony 同音异义 free morpheme 自
由语素
duration 音 长 语 音 学 / 时 段 语 法 学 / 语 意 学 disambiguation 消 除 歧 义 [ 歧 义 消
除
]discourse
篇
章
complement
补
语
checked
受
阻
的
antonyhttp://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/ae819afb0aaf71ff22cf3812m
反
义
词
apposition 同位语 ambiguity 歧义
ambiguity resolution 歧义消解 affirmative 肯定（的；式）abbreviation 缩写 [省略语]
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