Download English for physicists LESSON 2 PRESENT SIMPLE

English for physicists
LESSON 2
PRESENT SIMPLE - PAST SIMPLE
PAST SIMPLE TENSE
Structure
Examples
The past simple tense of the most
english verbs (regular verbs) is
formed by adding
"-ed"/"-d" to their base form. (If
the verb ends in "-e", we add "d"to form the past simple.)
There are also some verbs
calledirregular verbs that have
special past tense forms.
Affirmative form
Regular verbs:
base form + "-ed" or "-d":
work + "-ed" = worked
live + "-d" = lived
I/you/he/she/it/we/they worked
I/you/he/she/it/we/they lived
Irregular verbs: past form only
I/you/he/she/it/we/they saw
1. We arrived at 9:00 o'clock.
2. This morning I went to the
supermarket.
3. The teacher went to the desk.
4. He didn't hear the telephone.
5. Susan bought her little sister a doll.
6. We came here in 1980.
7. I worked at Johnson & Co. from
1990 to 1995.
8. My brother lived in London for six
years. (he doesn't live there anymore)
1. When she was young, she danced
beautifully.
2. He played the violin when he was a
child.
3. We often went there.
4. I saw her every day.
1. It happened one night in the winter.
2. She opened her bag, took out the
key and unlocked the door.
To form the negative and
interrogative sentences we use the
past form of auxiliary verb do -- 1. World War II ended in 1945.
>did:
2. Romans built strong bridges.
Negative form
I
you
he/she/it
we
they
DID + NOT
/DIDN'T/
+ WORK
He didn't work yesterday.
She didn't see him last night.
Interrogative form
I
We use the Past Simple Tense:
to describe actions and situations
that happened in the past. These
actions and situations
were started and finished in the
past.
The sentence often contains an
adverb or adverb phrase of time,
such as yesterday,the other
day, last night, last week,three
days ago, a few minutes ago, in
(year), from (year) to (year),
etc.
to talk about habitual or repeated
actions that took place in the past
Note: This use is also often
expressed with used to:
Bob used to smoke 20 cigarettes
a day.
to tell a story and to express
actions which follow each other
in a story
to refer to the historical past or to
events that have happened in the
distant past relative to the speaker
1. David said that he was tired.
2. The doctor told me that I would
have to stay in the hospital for a week.
for reporting what someone said
(converting from direct to
reported speech)
1. When Peter arrived, I was
reading a book.
2. I was having a bath when the phone
rang.
to talk about action in the past
that take place in the middle of
another action
1. If I won the lottery, I would
travel the world.
2. If I were you, I wouldn't
marry him.
for making second conditional
sentences (also called conditional
type 2) when we talk about an
imaginary or unlikely situation
and to describe its result. (If +
past simple, would + infinitive)
Abbreviations
adj = adjective; adv = adverb ; conj = conjunction; opp = opposite
pl = plural; prep = preposition; pron = pronoun; pp = past participle; n = noun; v = verb
English for physicists
DID
you
he/she/it
we
they
WORK?
Spelling rules for the past simple of regular verbs:
Did he work yesterday?
Did she see him last night?
If it is the verb "to be" we
usewas/were before the subject:
Was he at the office the other
day?
Questions and short answers:
Did you go to the cinema last
night?
Yes, I did.
No, I didn't.
if a regular verb ends in consonant + y change y to i and add -ed:
carry - carried, study - studied, fry - fried, try – tried
if a one syllable regular verb ends
in consonant + vowel + consonant double the final consonant and add ed -- > stop - stopped, plan - planned, rob - robbed, beg - begged
if a regular verb has more than one syllable and ends
in consonant + vowel +consonant, we double the final consonant only
if the final syllable is stressed -- > preFER - preferred, regRET regretted
Exception: In British English verbs ending in -l have -ll before -ed whether
the final syllable is stressed or not -- > travel - travelled
Did he speak with Kate
yesterday?
Yes, he did.
No, he didn't.
Pronunciation of final "-ed" (regular verbs):
 after an unvoiced consonant sound (sh/ s / ch / p / k / f ) we pronounce /t/: wash (/sh/) - washed (/t/); kiss
(/s/) - kissed (/t/); work (/k/) - worked (/t/); hope (/p/) - hoped (/t/); laugh (/f/) - laughed (/t/)
 after a vowel and voiced consonant sounds we pronounce /d/: phone (/n/) - phoned (/d/); judge (/dg/) judged (/d/); turn (/n/) - turned (/d/); play (/ei/) - played (/d/); follow (/ou/) - followed (/d/)
 after /t/ and /d/ sounds we pronounce /-id/: visite (/t/) - visited (/id/); start (/t/) - started (/id/); need (/d/) needed (/id/)
PRESENTATION
1. Here are the past tense forms of some verbs. Write in the base forms:
………………………set …………………………rode
………………………reached …………………………was
………………………managed …………………………did
………………………weighed
Three of them end in – ed. They are the past tense forms of regular verbs. The others are irregular.
2. Read the sentences below:
a./ In 1958, Eli Beeding, Jr rode a rocket sledge when it was shot along a track from a standstill to a
speed of 72.5 mi / h ( = 117 km / h ) in a fantastic time of 0.04 s ( less than the blink of an eye ).
Abbreviations
adj = adjective; adv = adverb ; conj = conjunction; opp = opposite
pl = plural; prep = preposition; pron = pronoun; pp = past participle; n = noun; v = verb
English for physicists
b./ In 1977 Kitty O’Neil set records for “ terminal speed” and “ elapsed time” for a dragster on a 440
– yd run. From a standstill, she reached 392.54 mi/h ( about 632.1 km/h ) in a sizzling time of 3.72 s.
c./ On April 4, 1974, John Massic of Belgium managed to move two passenger cars. He did so by
clamping his teeth down on a bit that was attached to the cars with a rope. The car weighed about 80
tons. Did Massic have superhuman force to accelerate the cars?
3. Work in pairs
Ask and answer questions about the paragraphs.
Example : − What did Eli Beeding ride in 1958?
− A rocket sledge.
• Grammar questions:
− Why is the past simple tense used in the paragraph?
− How do we form the questions?
− How do we form the negatives?
PRACTICE
1. The present simple or the past simple . Put the verbs in brackets in the correct
forms:
a. Thrust SSC (supersonic) car ……………(be) the invention of Briton Richard Noble. In 1983 he
……………(set) the world speed record of 1,019.44 km / h.
b. When Copernicus …………(announce) the idea of a moving earth in the sixteenth
century, there ……………(be) much arguing and debating of this controversial idea.
c. The ancients ………………(believe) that light ………………(travel) from our eyes to the objects
we ………………(look at), rather than from the objects to our eyes.
d. On October 17, 1989, a devastating earthquake ………………(strike) central California.
e. Einstein ………………( conclude ) that space and time ……………( be ) a part of a single entity
– spacetime.
f. Motion in space …………………( affect ) motion in time.
g. When we ……………(sit) on a fast – moving train , we ……………(have) no speed at all
relative to the train.
2. There are three pronunciations of the past tense ending –ed:
/ t / / d / / id /
Abbreviations
adj = adjective; adv = adverb ; conj = conjunction; opp = opposite
pl = plural; prep = preposition; pron = pronoun; pp = past participle; n = noun; v = verb
English for physicists
Put the regular past tense forms in exersice 1 into the correct columns. Give more examples of the three
pronunciations.
3. Put the sentences into the right order to make a complete paragraph
THE FALLING APPLE
Newton understood the concept of inertia developed earlier by Galileo.
According to popular legend, the idea occured to Newton while he was sitting under an apple tree.
He knew that without an outside force, moving objects continue to move at constant speed in a
straight line.
He knew that if an object undergoes a change in speed or direction, then a force is responsible.
1
The idea that gravity extends throughout the universe is credited to Isaac Newton.
4. Speaking and listening
Work in pairs
Ask and answer question:
− What did you do last night?
last month?
last weekend?
on your last birthday?
− I watched TV / went to the cinema.
SKILLS DEVELOPMENT
• Reading and speaking
1. Use your dictionary to check the meanings of these words below:
force (n)
reach (v)
lean (v)
observation (n)
resistance (n)
get into trouble (v)
2. Put a given word from ex.1 (above) into each blank:
a. Force laws tell us how to calculate the ……………that will act on a body in a particular
environment.
Abbreviations
adj = adjective; adv = adverb ; conj = conjunction; opp = opposite
pl = plural; prep = preposition; pron = pronoun; pp = past participle; n = noun; v = verb
English for physicists
b. Do not …………………out of the window, you may fall.
c. Captain Robert Scott ………………the South Pole on January 17, 1912.
d. Astronomers often use telescopes to take an ……..… of stars in the sky.
e. Do not speed up. We may …………… with the police.
f. You don’t notice air ………………when walking, but you’ll notice it when skiing downhill.
3. Read the text about Galileo Galile:
GALILEO GALILEI
(1564 – 1642)
The idea that a force causes motion goes back to the fourth century B.C, when the Greeks were
developing ideas of science. The foremost Greek scientist was Aristotle. He studied motion and divided
it into two kinds: natural motion and violent motion. Aristotle said that heavy things fall faster than
light things; but he was wrong. Most of the later scientists believed Aristotle. This remained true until
the time of Galileo, the Italian scientist . Galileo did not believe him.
Fig.1 Galileo’s famous demonstration
He went to school at Vallombrosa, near
Florence, Italy. He tried to learn science there,
but he did not like it. He went to the
University of Pisa to continue his studies.
There is a famous tower at Pisa. It does not
stand straight up, but leans a little more each
year. Galileo climbed to the top of the leaning
Tower, and there he dropped two weights.
One of them was heavier than the other, but
they reached the ground at the same moment.
Many scientists witnessed his experiment and
they were very surprised. This did not agree
with Aristotle’s rule. Galileo showed that
falling objects have equal accelerations,
regardless of their masses. But Galileo could not say why the accelerations were equal. Galileo made
many other experiments, and he also made some telescopes. When he pointed a telescope at the moon,
he saw some hills there. He also saw some of the millions of stars in the universe – more than anyone
had ever seen. He thanked God, who let him see these wonderful things. In 1637 Galileo’s eyes failed,
and then he could not see anything through his telescope. Five years later he died. The world then lost a
great man, but in the same year (1642) another great scientist, Sir Isaac Newton, was born in England.
He truly changed our way of seeing the world.
( From Elementary Scientific English Practice )
Comprehension check
1. Are the statements true or false. Correct the false ones:
Abbreviations
adj = adjective; adv = adverb ; conj = conjunction; opp = opposite
pl = plural; prep = preposition; pron = pronoun; pp = past participle; n = noun; v = verb
English for physicists
a. Galileo’s experiment from the Leaning Tower of Pisa demolished the Aristotelian
ideas of motion.
b. Galileo’s experiment explained why falling objects have equal accelerations,
regardless of their masses.
c. Galileo did not see anything when he pointed his telescope at the moon.
d. He died at the age of 78.
2. Answer the questions about the text:
a. Was Aristotle right when he said that heavy things fall faster than light things?
b. Why is the tower of Pisa famous?
c. Where did Galileo make his experiment?
d. What was the result of his experiment?
e. What did he study with telescopes ? Was he successful in his studies?
f. What happened in 1637?
g. When did he die?
h. Who was born in the same year when Galileo died?
3. Further question for discussion
Newton’s second law explained the result of Galileo’s experiment at the Leaning
Tower of Pisa. Do you know why? State Newton’s second law in words.
• Listening and reading
1. You will hear and discuss a concept summary that gives meanings of some important terms. These
terms are related to part “ Mechanics”
2. Read the following definitions. There is a mistake in each definition. Listen and correct the mistakes:
a. Free fall
An object in free fall is falling under the influence of mass alone, where air resistance does not
affect its motion.
b. Mass
The mass of an object depends on the location of the object.
c. Friction
Friction is a force that does not always react in a direction to oppose motion.
d. Acceleration
Acceleration is the rate at which speed is changing with respect to time.
e. Impulse
Impulse is force multiplied by the distance in which it acts.
Abbreviations
adj = adjective; adv = adverb ; conj = conjunction; opp = opposite
pl = plural; prep = preposition; pron = pronoun; pp = past participle; n = noun; v = verb
English for physicists
f. Vector quantities
Some quantities require magnitude for a complete description; these are vector quantities.
g. Pressure
The force per unit of length is called pressure.
LANGUAGE REVIEW
# Present Simple
_ The Present Simple expresses a fact which is true for a long time.
# Past Simple
_ The Past Simple expresses a finished action in the past.
• Translate:
1. We often need to change the units in which a physical quantity is expressed. We do so by a method
called chain – link conversion.
2. Motion at constant velocity is motion in a straight line.
3. Aristotle did not recognize the idea of inertia because he failed to imagine what motion would be
like without friction.
4. Newton was the first to realize that the acceleration we produce when we move something depends
not only on how hard we push or pull but on the mass as well.
• Discussion:
How do seat belts in cars save lives?
TRANSLATION FOR HOMEWORK
Newton's First Law of Motion:
I. Every object in a state of uniform motion tends to remain in that state of motion unless an external
force is applied to it.
Newton's Second Law of Motion:
II. The relationship between an object's mass m, its acceleration a, and the applied force F is F = ma.
Acceleration and force are vectors (as indicated by their symbols being displayed in slant bold font); in
this law the direction of the force vector is the same as the direction of the acceleration vector.
Newton's Third Law of Motion:
III. For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction
VOCABULARY
affect (v)
ancient (adj)
[ə'fekt]
['einʃnt]
действу вам (на), въздействувам (на), влиaя (на),
засягам
древен, античен
Abbreviations
adj = adjective; adv = adverb ; conj = conjunction; opp = opposite
pl = plural; prep = preposition; pron = pronoun; pp = past participle; n = noun; v = verb
English for physicists
древните народи, античните писатели
the ancients (n)
[ə'nauns]
announce (v)
argue (v)
attach (v)
['a:gju]
споря (with с)
[ə'tætʃ]
прикрепвам (се), закрепявам (се), залепям (се),
лепвам (се), прилепвам (се)
мигам, премигвам
[bliŋk]
blink (n)
[klæmp]
clamp (v)
[kən'klu:d]
conclude (v)
[,kɔntrə'və:ʃəl]
controversial (adj)
[kən'və:ʃn]
conversion (n)
debate (v)
demolish (v)
demolish a doctrine
devastate (v)
devastating (adj)
developing (adj )
dragster (n)
elapse (v)
entity (n)
environment (n)
express (v)
extend (v)
fantastic (adj)
force (n)
friction (n)
gravity (n)
imagine (v)
impulse (n)
inertia (adj)
стягам, пристягам със скоба/менгеме и пр.,
притискам, прикрепям здраво, скачам, затягам
приключвам, завършвам, свършвам
спорен, дискусионен
превръщане, обръщане (to, into), приспособяване,
преустройство
превръщането на водата в лед
the conversion of water into ice
credit (v)
обявявам, публикувам, съобщавам, разгласявам
['kredit]
вяра, доверие
[di'beit]
разискване, обсъждане, дебати, дискусия
[di'mɔliʃ]
срутвам, събарям, унищожавам
['dɔktrin]
унищожавам учение, доктрина
['devəsteit]
опустошавам, разорявам, унищожавам,
опропастявам
опустошителен, унищожителен
['devəsteitiŋ]
[di'veləpiŋ]
развиващ се (за страна)
['drægstə]
участник в състезание за най-бързо набиране на
скорост
[i'læps]
['entiti]
[in'vaiərənmənt]
минавам, изминавам (за време)
(реално) съществуване
(околна) среда (u биол.), обкръжение
[iks'pres]
изразявам, изказвам
[iks'tend]
простирам (се), протягам (се), удължавам (се)
[fæn'tæstik]
[fɔ:s]
чуден, чудноват, странен, гротесков
сила, енергия (и физ., тех.), ефикасност
['frikʃn]
търкане, триене (и прен.)
['græviti]
физ. тежест, тегло, (земно) притегляне
[i'mædʒin]
представям си, въобразявам си
['impʌls]
тласък, подбуда, подтик, стимул, импулс
[i'nə:ʃja]
физ. инерция
Abbreviations
adj = adjective; adv = adverb ; conj = conjunction; opp = opposite
pl = plural; prep = preposition; pron = pronoun; pp = past participle; n = noun; v = verb
English for physicists
invention (n)
junior (n)
lean (v)
magnitude (n)
multiply (v)
observation (n)
particular (adj)
pressure (n)
quantity (n)
record (n)
regardless (adj)
[in'venʃn]
изобретение
['dʒu:njə]
по-млад, младши
[li:n]
['mægnitju:d]
сух, жилест, слаб, мършав
големина, величина, стелен, размери
['mʌltiplai]
увеличавам (се), умножавам (се)
[,ɔbzə'veiʃn]
наблюдение
[pə'tikjulə]
личен, индивидуален, частен, отделен, специфичен
['preʃə]
['kwɔntiti]
['rekɔ:d]
[ri'ga:dlis]
налягане (и физиол., физ.)
количество
официален писмен документ, архив
невнимателен, небрежен
равнодушен (of към, по отношение на)
resistance (n)
responsible (adj)
[ri'zistəns]
[ri'spɔnsibl]
set records
shoot (v)
sledge (n)
standstill (n)
strike (v)
supersonic (n)
telescope (n)
terminal (adj)
through (prep.)
throughout (prep.)
thrust (n)
tower (n)
undergo (v)
[ʃu:t]
[sledʒ]
['stændstil]
[straik]
[sju:pə'sɔnik]
противодействие, противопоставяне
отговорен (to someone for something), свързан с
отговорност
поставям рекорди
стрелям
шейна
спиране, застой, прекъсване
(struck, struck, stricken) удрям (се), блъскам (се),
сблъсквам (се) (on, against о, в, с)
свръхзвуков (за скорост)
['teliskoup]
телескоп
['tə:minəl]
разположен/намиращ се накрая, краен, пограничен
[θru:]
['θru:aut]
[θrʌst]
['tauə]
[ʌndə'gou]
universe (n)
witness (v)
съпротива (и воен.), съпротивление (и ел.),
['witnis]
през, из, по
навсякъде, открай докрай, изцяло, съвсем
забивам, муша, мушвам, пъхам, напъхвам, тикам,
натиквам, бутам, тласкам, ръгам, ръгвам, вмъквам,
вкарвам, завирам
кула
(underwent, undergone) понасям, претърпявам,
преживявам, изпитвам, бивам подложен на
вселена
свидетелски показания
Abbreviations
adj = adjective; adv = adverb ; conj = conjunction; opp = opposite
pl = plural; prep = preposition; pron = pronoun; pp = past participle; n = noun; v = verb
English for physicists
Abbreviations
adj = adjective; adv = adverb ; conj = conjunction; opp = opposite
pl = plural; prep = preposition; pron = pronoun; pp = past participle; n = noun; v = verb