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Early Modern Era 1450-1750: World Economy, Transformation of the West, Rise of Russia & Early Latin America
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AP World History Ch 18 Reading Study Guide P. 388-402
1.
How did Early Russian Tsars attempt to legitimize their claims to rule?
2.
What did they mean by “third Rome”?
3.
How did Tsars attempt to invoke a “Divine Right” principle to their rule?
4.
How did the Tsars interact with their Muslim subjects?
5.
How did Ivan III (The Great) link himself to the memory of the Byzantine Empire? Why?
6.
How did Ivan VI (The Terrible) further attempt to centralize power?
7.
What was the role of the Cossacks in expanding Russia?
8.
How did the early Tsars view and interact with The West?
9.
What were the first TWO Romanov Tsars able to accomplish?
10. Who were the Old Believers? What happened to them?
11. How did Peter the Great see The West? How did he seek to emulate The West?
12. What was Peter the Great’s governing style?
13. In what ways did he reform the Tsarist government?
14. With what two major powers did Russia go to war? What was the result?
15. In what was did Peter modify the Russian Military?
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Early Modern Era 1450-1750: World Economy, Transformation of the West, Rise of Russia & Early Latin America
16. . In what was did Peter modify the Russian Economy/Manufacturing?
17. In what ways did Peter make Russian culture more Western and “respectable”?
18. Who was left out of this massive shift to Westernization?
19. What was ‘wrong’ with Peter III?
20. How did Catherine II (The Great) rise to power?
21. In what ways was Catherine a ‘Westernizer’?
22. What was her response to the French Revolution?
23. What territorial expansion took place under Catherine’s reign?
24. How did the Partition of Poland draw Russia deeper into European affairs?
25. How can Russia be seen as a ‘poster-child’ for relatively rapid developments in the Early Modern Era?
26. How did Russian peasants FALL in status after the expulsion of the Mongols?
27. How was the expansion of Russian serfdom unique in history?
28. What were living conditions like for Russian serfs?
29. What was the percentage of rural population? What was the size, role & function of the middle class?
30. What happened in Pugachev’s Rebellion?
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Early Modern Era 1450-1750: World Economy, Transformation of the West, Rise of Russia & Early Latin America
31. How was it suppressed?
Read- In Depth: Multinational Empires
32. Why have nation-states been more successful, as political units, in modern world history than multinational empires
have been?
33. . In what ways did the Russian Empire develop some nation-state characteristics?
KEY TERMS 18
Ivan III (the Great): Prince of the Duchy of Moscow; responsible for freeing Russia from the Mongols; took the title of tsar (Caesar).
Third Rome: Russian claim to be the successor of the Roman and Byzantine empires.
Ivan IV (the Terrible): confirmed power of tsarist autocracy by attacking the authority of the boyars; continued policy of expansion; established contacts with
western European commerce and culture.
Cossacks: peasant-adventurers with agricultural and military skills recruited to conquer and settle in newly seized lands in southern Russia and Siberia.
Time of Troubles: early 17th century period of boyar efforts to regain power and foreign invasion following the death without an heir of Ivan IV; ended with
the selection of Michael Romanov as tsar in 1613.
Romanov dynasty: ruled Russia from 1613 to 1917.
Alexis Romanov: 2nd ruler of the dynasty; abolished assemblies of nobles; gained new powers over the Orthodox church.
Old Believers: conservative Russians who refused to accept the ecclesiastical reforms of Alexis Romanov; many were exiled to southern Russia or Siberia.
Peter I (the Great): tsar from 1689 to 1725; continued growth of absolutism and conquest; sought to change selected aspects of the economy and culture
through imitation of western European models.
St. Petersburg: Baltic city made the new capital of Russia by Peter I.
Catherine the Great: German-born Russian tsarina; combined receptivity to selective Enlightenment ideas with strong centralizing policies; converted the
nobility to a service aristocracy by granting them new power over the peasantry.
Partition of Poland: three separate divisions of Polish territory between Russia, Prussia and Austria in 1772, 1793, and 1795; eliminated Poland as an
independent state
obruk: labor obligations of Russian peasants owed either to their landlords or to the state; part of the increased burdens placed on the peasantry during the
18th century.
Pugachev rebellion: unsuccessful peasant rising led by cossack Emelyan Pugachev during the 1770s; typical of peasant unrest during the 18th century and
thereafter.
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
1. How did the Mongol occupation affect Russian civilization?
2. What was the nature of Russian expansion under the Ivans?
3. What was the impact of Westernization under Peter the Great?
4. What was the extent of Westernization under Catherine the Great?
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