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University of Karachi
: Principal Investigator:
Dr. Muhammad Faheem Siddiqui
Title of the Project: Phycochemistry and antibacterial activity of some
common marine algae against clinical (bacterial) isolates
from Karachi coast, Pakistan
Applied Science
Main Field of Study:
(Basic/Applied)
Funds Requested:
Rs. 300000/= (three hundred thousands only) .
.(.(
Signatures of Investigator(s):
Department/Institute/Center:
Telephone Numbers:
e-mail(s):
Resources
Schedules
Department of Botany
99261300-06, Ext. 2288, Cell No. 0322-2492192
[email protected]
a) Necessary Facilities Required
State, clearly, what is required with proper justification
i) Chemicals, media, antibiotic discs
ii) Computer cartridge, papers
iii) Glass wares
Autoclave for nutrient agar sterilization
b) Facilities Available
Facilities available in your laboratory. Also, mention, which
facilities can be made available by pooling resources with colleagues
i) Rotary machine
ii) Oven, Autoclave machine
iii) Spectrophotometer, pH, EC, TDS meter
With tentative Start Date
a) Project Duration
one year
With tentative Start Date
September 2016
b) Submission of Reports
Final Report (upon completion of project) April 2017
Audited Statement of Accounts (upon completion of project) April
2017
Copyright 2016. Office of Dean, Faculty of Science, University of Karachi
Research Grant for Lab equipment
Estimated Budget
Description
Smaller-Budget Equipment*
Chemicals/Reagents/Expendable Items
pH meter
Stationery
Conference Registration
Local Travel
Total Rupees
Amount (in
Rupees)
35000/=
165000/=
54000/=
10000/=
10000/=
26000/=
300000/= (three
hundred thousand
only)
Introduction
Chemical substances that found in the seaweeds are known as phycochemicals, some of
them could have potent antibacterial effect. These substances have great power to inhibit/kill the
growth of bacteria and using as potent antibiotic. The marine macro algae (red, brown and green
seaweeds) are known to produce many chemical compounds which are attractive for many food
and pharmaceutical industries (Widowati et al., 2014). Due to poverty the people are use to take
antibiotics without consultation to medical practitioner. They do not take proper medicine,
recommended dose for particular time period that causes bacterial resistance, resulting such
antibiotics become useless for such patients/peoples. In this situation the new antibiotics from new
source are necessary to solve the problem of bacterial resistance. The discovery and development
of antibiotics are among the most influential and fruitful accomplishments of modern day science
in controlling the infectious diseases (Chanda et al., 2010).
Lima- Filho et al., (2002) and Paul et al., (2006) examined that marine algal extracts and
active constituents have antibacterial activity against various bacteria (Gram positive and Gram
negative). Different group of chemical substances that showed antimicrobial activity are extracted
by marine algae (Nor Afifah et al., 2010). Over the past few decades, seaweeds have gained a huge
interest in the pharmaceutical industry with enormous medicinal properties (Thirumalairaj et al.,
2014). People are using the natural wealth of seaweeds as a source of food, fodder, fertilizer and
drugs since long and the importance of this useful business is constantly increasing. Metabolites
(Secondary or primary) from these algae might be potential bioactive compounds of curiosity for
the pharmaceutical and other industries. Chemical structure types include sterols (Ahmed et al.,
1993), isoprenoide, fatty acids, amino acids, terpenoids, phlorotannins, steroids, phenolic
compounds and acrylic acid are extracted by sea weeds (Mtolera and Semesi, 1996). Marine algae
represent an inexhaustible reservoir of raw materials used in pharmaceutical, medicine, food and
cosmetics industries (Badea et al., 2009). It serve as a significant source of natural bioactive
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substances (Vijayabaskar and Shiyamala, 2011; Villarreal-Gómez et al., 2010), it offer a wide
range of therapeutic possibilities in both environment (internally and externally) and are
widespread, renewable source of secondary metabolites. The ethyl acetate extracts of
Stoechospermum marginatum showed the antibacterial activity that may be due to the presence of
strong phytochemicals like steroids, terpenoids, tannins, and phenolic compounds (Adaikala Raj et
al., 2015). Several elements found from marine algae like alginate, carragenan and agar have been
used since last few decades in medicine and pharmaceutical industries (Taskin et al., 2001).
The coastline of Karachi provides good ecological condition for the luxuriant growth of
algal production resulting in rich algal vegetation. The local algal flora is largely represented by
Chlorophyta, Pheaophyta and Rhodophyta (Khatoon, 1990). Isolation of useful undiscovered
substances from such huge seaweeds that could be use as potent antibiotic will create new
dimension in the field of medicine.
Statement of the Problem
Bacterial infection causes a high rate of death in human population since long time
(KandHasamy and Arunachalam, 2008). Frequent usage of antibiotics increased considerably due
to acute infections and the pathogenic bacteria becoming resilient to medicines (Lavanya and
Veerappan, 2011). In underdeveloped countries the people are use to take the unselective medicine
including antibiotics without the prescription of Doctor. It is now becoming a bigger problem of
giving treatment against resistant pathogenic bacteria (Sieradzki et al., 1999). Decreased
effectiveness of antibiotics and bacterial resistance has necessitated the development of new
replacements (Smith et al., 1994) and the drugs are becoming expensive and also they cause
hostile side effect in the patient that include hypersensitivity and reduction of useful normal flora
(Idose et al., 1968).
The active metabolites obtained from the marine macro algae have proved to be the best
alternate for chemically synthesized pharmaceutical drugs (Karthikeyan et al., 2015). Investigation
on selected species of marine algae indicated the scope for deriving biologically active compounds
which are effective in inhibiting the growth of the pathogenic bacteria both Gram-positive and
Gram-negative (Sarah et al., 2013). Marine macro algae use the selected secondary metabolites
and antimicrobial chemical defense strategies that are vital in the ecological interactions among
marine macro organisms and micro organisms. Consequently, they might be a novel source of
bioactive compounds (Adaikala Raj et al., 2015). Scientific studies carried out on seaweed extracts
having traditional claims of effectiveness might warrant fruitful results. Screening of antimicrobial
compounds from seaweeds is important and increasing the demand of therapeutic drugs in
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treatment of infectious diseases (Prasad et al., 2013). These seaweeds could serve as useful source
of new antimicrobial agents (Kolanjinathan and Saranraj, 2014). Siddhanta et al., (1997) reported
antibacterial activities of some marine algae against many pathogenic bacteria.
Proposed Solution
Bacteria are closely associated with the health and welfare of human beings. Some
bacteria are beneficial and others are detrimental. The normal flora in our body protects us from
disease by competing with invaders for space and nutrients, producing toxic compounds
(bacteriocins) that kill other bacteria, lowering the pH of our body fluids so that other bacteria
can't grow. On the other hand, bacteria can cause infectious diseases, spoil food, and deteriorate
materials (Pelczar et al., 1986). There are relatively a few of the thousands of bacterial species that
occur in nature are pathogenic. We will only focus on some selected bacterial pathogens and the
diseases which they cause.
Many workers including Usmanghani et al., (1984 and 1986); Sultana et al., (1990);
Shaikh et al., (1990); Usmani et al., (1991); Siddiqui et al., (1993); Hashmi et al., (1997);
Ali et al., (2002); Rizvi et al., (2001); Rizvi and Shameel, (2003; 2004; 2005); Shahnaz and
Shameel, (2007); Asma et al., (2008); Rizvi, (2010); Abdul and Rashida, (2012) and Ambreen et
al., (2012) tried to investigate antimicrobial agents from the sea weeds of Karachi coast, Pakistan
and they get positive results. Kasanah et al., (2015) suggested collaborative research among
phycology, microbiology, biochemistry, ecology and medical sciences to invent better products
which would be beneficial for mankind. Bearing these points in minds the present study is design
to investigate the potent antibacterial substances from sea weeds of Karachi coast. These new
antibacterial substances could be used for those bacteria which already resistant with traditional
antibiotics and these antibiotics would be cost effective.
Study Design
1. The marine macro algae (red, brown and green seaweeds) would be target for the current
study.
2. Specimens (Dominant and common seaweeds) from various coastal sites Viz Bulleji,
Hawksbay, Manora and Paradise point of Karachi will be collected.
3. Sampling sites should be non polluted.
Methodology
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1-
Herbarium sheets will be prepared to identify the collected species in the department of
Botany, University of Karachi. The identified material will be dried out for laboratory testing and
experimental work.
2-
Preparation of the marine algal extract in different organic solvents of different
concentrations will be carried out.
3-
Testing of the antibacterial activity of the crude extract of marine algae against a selected
range of gram positive and gram negative bacterial strains will be carried out.
4.
The zone of inhibition exhibit by the algal extracts with the standard antibiotic discs will
be compared.
5.
Phycochemistry of the selected seaweeds, showing positive antibacterial activity will be
performed.
6.
Statistical analysis of the data with the help of Statistics software will be carried out to
find out the relationship between antibacterial agents and selected pathogens.
7. Final technical / fiscal report will be submitted.
Benefits / usefulness of Research
Good quality paper would be produce.
New/novel/unique antibiotic could be invent, that may be patent and commercialize.
Country will get the benefit from new non resistant antibiotic.
It is very obvious from the above account that the marine algae are of great economically
important and found to be good antibacterial agents. Seaweeds are easy to access renewable source
and give readily available raw material for the medicine and pharmaceutical industry, which could
be used as an alternate medicinal source in our developing country and might be helpful to give
cost effective medicines to the poor peoples and increasing population of Pakistan. Unfortunately
the importance of seaweeds as a natural wealth has not received proper attention by the researchers
in Pakistan except a few attempts. So this study will be the continuation of the previous work from
Pakistan that would provide a detailed knowledge of economically important seaweeds with their
antibacterial activities. This study could be helpful for synthesizing of new drugs and antibiotics
for the remedy of drug resistant human pathogens. In addition, natural products have lesser
chances of side effects on the patients being treated as compared to synthetic antibacterial drugs.
This study would also be a guideline for the future researchers in the fields of botany,
microbiology and pharmacology.
Impact of the proposed product developed on environment
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Discovery of new antibiotics from new economical source would solve the problem of
bacterial resistance, people will get it in reasonable prices, so it will play a critical role in
economic development of our country by using and exporting.
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