Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
University of Karachi : Principal Investigator: Dr. Muhammad Faheem Siddiqui Title of the Project: Phycochemistry and antibacterial activity of some common marine algae against clinical (bacterial) isolates from Karachi coast, Pakistan Applied Science Main Field of Study: (Basic/Applied) Funds Requested: Rs. 300000/= (three hundred thousands only) . .(.( Signatures of Investigator(s): Department/Institute/Center: Telephone Numbers: e-mail(s): Resources Schedules Department of Botany 99261300-06, Ext. 2288, Cell No. 0322-2492192 [email protected] a) Necessary Facilities Required State, clearly, what is required with proper justification i) Chemicals, media, antibiotic discs ii) Computer cartridge, papers iii) Glass wares Autoclave for nutrient agar sterilization b) Facilities Available Facilities available in your laboratory. Also, mention, which facilities can be made available by pooling resources with colleagues i) Rotary machine ii) Oven, Autoclave machine iii) Spectrophotometer, pH, EC, TDS meter With tentative Start Date a) Project Duration one year With tentative Start Date September 2016 b) Submission of Reports Final Report (upon completion of project) April 2017 Audited Statement of Accounts (upon completion of project) April 2017 Copyright 2016. Office of Dean, Faculty of Science, University of Karachi Research Grant for Lab equipment Estimated Budget Description Smaller-Budget Equipment* Chemicals/Reagents/Expendable Items pH meter Stationery Conference Registration Local Travel Total Rupees Amount (in Rupees) 35000/= 165000/= 54000/= 10000/= 10000/= 26000/= 300000/= (three hundred thousand only) Introduction Chemical substances that found in the seaweeds are known as phycochemicals, some of them could have potent antibacterial effect. These substances have great power to inhibit/kill the growth of bacteria and using as potent antibiotic. The marine macro algae (red, brown and green seaweeds) are known to produce many chemical compounds which are attractive for many food and pharmaceutical industries (Widowati et al., 2014). Due to poverty the people are use to take antibiotics without consultation to medical practitioner. They do not take proper medicine, recommended dose for particular time period that causes bacterial resistance, resulting such antibiotics become useless for such patients/peoples. In this situation the new antibiotics from new source are necessary to solve the problem of bacterial resistance. The discovery and development of antibiotics are among the most influential and fruitful accomplishments of modern day science in controlling the infectious diseases (Chanda et al., 2010). Lima- Filho et al., (2002) and Paul et al., (2006) examined that marine algal extracts and active constituents have antibacterial activity against various bacteria (Gram positive and Gram negative). Different group of chemical substances that showed antimicrobial activity are extracted by marine algae (Nor Afifah et al., 2010). Over the past few decades, seaweeds have gained a huge interest in the pharmaceutical industry with enormous medicinal properties (Thirumalairaj et al., 2014). People are using the natural wealth of seaweeds as a source of food, fodder, fertilizer and drugs since long and the importance of this useful business is constantly increasing. Metabolites (Secondary or primary) from these algae might be potential bioactive compounds of curiosity for the pharmaceutical and other industries. Chemical structure types include sterols (Ahmed et al., 1993), isoprenoide, fatty acids, amino acids, terpenoids, phlorotannins, steroids, phenolic compounds and acrylic acid are extracted by sea weeds (Mtolera and Semesi, 1996). Marine algae represent an inexhaustible reservoir of raw materials used in pharmaceutical, medicine, food and cosmetics industries (Badea et al., 2009). It serve as a significant source of natural bioactive Page 2 of 5 Research Grant for Lab equipment substances (Vijayabaskar and Shiyamala, 2011; Villarreal-Gómez et al., 2010), it offer a wide range of therapeutic possibilities in both environment (internally and externally) and are widespread, renewable source of secondary metabolites. The ethyl acetate extracts of Stoechospermum marginatum showed the antibacterial activity that may be due to the presence of strong phytochemicals like steroids, terpenoids, tannins, and phenolic compounds (Adaikala Raj et al., 2015). Several elements found from marine algae like alginate, carragenan and agar have been used since last few decades in medicine and pharmaceutical industries (Taskin et al., 2001). The coastline of Karachi provides good ecological condition for the luxuriant growth of algal production resulting in rich algal vegetation. The local algal flora is largely represented by Chlorophyta, Pheaophyta and Rhodophyta (Khatoon, 1990). Isolation of useful undiscovered substances from such huge seaweeds that could be use as potent antibiotic will create new dimension in the field of medicine. Statement of the Problem Bacterial infection causes a high rate of death in human population since long time (KandHasamy and Arunachalam, 2008). Frequent usage of antibiotics increased considerably due to acute infections and the pathogenic bacteria becoming resilient to medicines (Lavanya and Veerappan, 2011). In underdeveloped countries the people are use to take the unselective medicine including antibiotics without the prescription of Doctor. It is now becoming a bigger problem of giving treatment against resistant pathogenic bacteria (Sieradzki et al., 1999). Decreased effectiveness of antibiotics and bacterial resistance has necessitated the development of new replacements (Smith et al., 1994) and the drugs are becoming expensive and also they cause hostile side effect in the patient that include hypersensitivity and reduction of useful normal flora (Idose et al., 1968). The active metabolites obtained from the marine macro algae have proved to be the best alternate for chemically synthesized pharmaceutical drugs (Karthikeyan et al., 2015). Investigation on selected species of marine algae indicated the scope for deriving biologically active compounds which are effective in inhibiting the growth of the pathogenic bacteria both Gram-positive and Gram-negative (Sarah et al., 2013). Marine macro algae use the selected secondary metabolites and antimicrobial chemical defense strategies that are vital in the ecological interactions among marine macro organisms and micro organisms. Consequently, they might be a novel source of bioactive compounds (Adaikala Raj et al., 2015). Scientific studies carried out on seaweed extracts having traditional claims of effectiveness might warrant fruitful results. Screening of antimicrobial compounds from seaweeds is important and increasing the demand of therapeutic drugs in Page 3 of 5 . Research Grant for Lab equipment treatment of infectious diseases (Prasad et al., 2013). These seaweeds could serve as useful source of new antimicrobial agents (Kolanjinathan and Saranraj, 2014). Siddhanta et al., (1997) reported antibacterial activities of some marine algae against many pathogenic bacteria. Proposed Solution Bacteria are closely associated with the health and welfare of human beings. Some bacteria are beneficial and others are detrimental. The normal flora in our body protects us from disease by competing with invaders for space and nutrients, producing toxic compounds (bacteriocins) that kill other bacteria, lowering the pH of our body fluids so that other bacteria can't grow. On the other hand, bacteria can cause infectious diseases, spoil food, and deteriorate materials (Pelczar et al., 1986). There are relatively a few of the thousands of bacterial species that occur in nature are pathogenic. We will only focus on some selected bacterial pathogens and the diseases which they cause. Many workers including Usmanghani et al., (1984 and 1986); Sultana et al., (1990); Shaikh et al., (1990); Usmani et al., (1991); Siddiqui et al., (1993); Hashmi et al., (1997); Ali et al., (2002); Rizvi et al., (2001); Rizvi and Shameel, (2003; 2004; 2005); Shahnaz and Shameel, (2007); Asma et al., (2008); Rizvi, (2010); Abdul and Rashida, (2012) and Ambreen et al., (2012) tried to investigate antimicrobial agents from the sea weeds of Karachi coast, Pakistan and they get positive results. Kasanah et al., (2015) suggested collaborative research among phycology, microbiology, biochemistry, ecology and medical sciences to invent better products which would be beneficial for mankind. Bearing these points in minds the present study is design to investigate the potent antibacterial substances from sea weeds of Karachi coast. These new antibacterial substances could be used for those bacteria which already resistant with traditional antibiotics and these antibiotics would be cost effective. Study Design 1. The marine macro algae (red, brown and green seaweeds) would be target for the current study. 2. Specimens (Dominant and common seaweeds) from various coastal sites Viz Bulleji, Hawksbay, Manora and Paradise point of Karachi will be collected. 3. Sampling sites should be non polluted. Methodology Page 4 of 5 Research Grant for Lab equipment 1- Herbarium sheets will be prepared to identify the collected species in the department of Botany, University of Karachi. The identified material will be dried out for laboratory testing and experimental work. 2- Preparation of the marine algal extract in different organic solvents of different concentrations will be carried out. 3- Testing of the antibacterial activity of the crude extract of marine algae against a selected range of gram positive and gram negative bacterial strains will be carried out. 4. The zone of inhibition exhibit by the algal extracts with the standard antibiotic discs will be compared. 5. Phycochemistry of the selected seaweeds, showing positive antibacterial activity will be performed. 6. Statistical analysis of the data with the help of Statistics software will be carried out to find out the relationship between antibacterial agents and selected pathogens. 7. Final technical / fiscal report will be submitted. Benefits / usefulness of Research Good quality paper would be produce. New/novel/unique antibiotic could be invent, that may be patent and commercialize. Country will get the benefit from new non resistant antibiotic. It is very obvious from the above account that the marine algae are of great economically important and found to be good antibacterial agents. Seaweeds are easy to access renewable source and give readily available raw material for the medicine and pharmaceutical industry, which could be used as an alternate medicinal source in our developing country and might be helpful to give cost effective medicines to the poor peoples and increasing population of Pakistan. Unfortunately the importance of seaweeds as a natural wealth has not received proper attention by the researchers in Pakistan except a few attempts. So this study will be the continuation of the previous work from Pakistan that would provide a detailed knowledge of economically important seaweeds with their antibacterial activities. This study could be helpful for synthesizing of new drugs and antibiotics for the remedy of drug resistant human pathogens. In addition, natural products have lesser chances of side effects on the patients being treated as compared to synthetic antibacterial drugs. This study would also be a guideline for the future researchers in the fields of botany, microbiology and pharmacology. Impact of the proposed product developed on environment Page 5 of 5 . Research Grant for Lab equipment Discovery of new antibiotics from new economical source would solve the problem of bacterial resistance, people will get it in reasonable prices, so it will play a critical role in economic development of our country by using and exporting. REFRENCES Abdul, R.K., and Rashida, Q. (2012). Antibacterial activities of brown seaweed Sargassum boveanum (J. AG.) against diarrhea along the coast of Karachi, Pakistan. J. Environ. Res. Develop., 6(3A):753-757. Ahmed, V.U., Aliya, R., Perveen, S., and Samuel, M. (1993). Steroids from marine green alga Codium decortacatum. Phytochem. 33:1189-1192. Ali, M.S., Saleem, M., Yamdagni, R. and Ali, M.A. (2002). Steroid and antibacterial steroidal glycosides from marine green alga Codium iyengarii Børg. Nat Prod Lett, 16(6): 407413. Ambreen, Hira, K., Amna, T., Ruqqia, Viqar, S., and Jehan, A. (2012). Evaluation of biochemical component and antimicrobial activity of some seaweeds occurring at Karachi coast. Pak. J. Bot., 44(5): 1799-1803. Asma, T., Sidra, M., Shafiq, J., Shahzad, S., and Aliya, R. (2008). Antifungal activity in the seaweeds of Karachi Coast. Int. J. Phycol. Phycochem. 4 (2): 205-208. Badea, V., Balaban, D.P., Rapeanu, G., Maria, C., and Badea, C.F. (2009). The antibacterial activity evaluation of Cystoseira barbata biomass and some agents upon bacteria from oropharyngeal cavity. Rom. Soc. Bio. Sci., 14:4851-4857. Chanda, S., Dave, R., Kaneria, M., and Nagani, K. (2010). Seaweeds: A novel, untapped source of drugs from sea to combat. Current Research, Technology and Education Topics in Applied Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology Méndez-Vilas A (Ed.) ©FORMATEX. Raj, G. A., Chandrasekaran, M., Krishnamoorthy, S., and Venkatesalu, V. (2015). Antibacterial activity of different solvent extracts of Caulerpa chemnitzia (Esper) JV Lamououx, from Mandapam, Gulf of Mannar Southeast Coast, Tamil Nadu, India. J. Med. Herbs Ethnomed., 1(1):24-31. Raj, G. A., Chandrasekaran, M., Krishnamoorthy, S., and Venkatesalu, V. (2015). Screening of phytochemical and antibacterial potential of different organic solvent extracts of Stoechospermum marginatum (Ag) Kutz. fromManappad coast, Tuticorin District, South India. J. Med. Herbs Ethnomed., 1(1): 50-58. Hashmi, K., Naqvi, B.S., Norain, F., Sheikh, D., and Sheikh, R. (1997). Antimicrobial activity in marine algae. Pak. J. Med. Res., 36(1): 16-19. Idose, O., Guther, T., Willeox, R., and Deweck, A.L. (1968). Nature and extent of penicillin side reaction with particular reference to fatalities from anaphylactic shock. Bull. WHO, 38: Page 6 of 5 Research Grant for Lab equipment 159-158. Kandhasamy, M., and Arunachalam, K.D. (2008). Evaluation of in vitro antibacterial property of seaweeds of southeast coast of India. Afr. J. Biotechnol. 7: 1958-1961. Karthikeyan, K., Shweta, K., Jayanthi, G., Prabhu, K., and Thirumaran, G. (2015). Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Potential of Selected Seaweeds from Kodinar, Southern Coast of Saurashtra, Gujarat, India. J. App. Pharma. Sci., 5(7), 35-40. Kasanah, N., Triyanto, T., Seto, D. S., Amelia, W., and Isnansetyo, A. (2015). Antibacterial Compounds from Red Seaweeds (Rhodophyta). Indo. J. Chem., 15(2): 201-209. Khatoon, N. (1990). Taxonomy & Biology of the Dictyotales from Karachi (Pak) coast. M-Phil Thesis. Bot. Dept. Karachi Uni. 340 pp. Kolanjinathan, K., and Saranraj, P. (2014). Pharmacological efficacy of marine seaweed Gracilaria edulis extracts against clinical pathogens. Global J. Pharma. 8 (2): 268-274. Lavanya, R., and Veerappan, N. (2011). Antibacterial Potential of Six Seaweeds Collected from Gulf of Mannar of the Southeast Coast of India. Adv. Biol. Res., 5:38-44. Lima-Filho, J.V., Carvalho, A.F., and Freitas, S.M. (2002). Antibacterial activity of extracts of six macroalgae from the Northeastern Brazilian Coast. Brazilian J. Microbiol. 33:311313. Mtolera, M.S., and Semesi, A.K. (1996). Antimicrobial activity of extracts from six green algae from Tanzania. Curr. Trends Mar. Bot. East Afr. Reg. 211-217. Nor Afifah, S., Sarah, I., Shade, F.S., Mohd Jain, N.M., and Nurul, A.Z. (2010). Antimicrobial activity of various extracts of a tropical Chlorophyta macro algae, Halimeda discoidea. J. Appl. Sci.10:3007-3013. Paul, G., Yusuf, S., and Sharma, S. (2006). Unmasking of the Brugada syndrome phenotype during the acute phase of amiodarone infusion. Circulation, 114(11):489-491. Pelczar, J.R., Michel, J., Krieg, N.R., and Chan, E.C.S. (1986). Microbiology. 5th Edn, Pp: 1-902. Prasad, M.P., Shekhar, S., and Babhulkar, A.P. (2013). Antibacterial activity of seaweed (Kappaphycus) extracts against infectious pathogens. Afr. J. Biotechnol. 12(20): 29682971. Rizvi, M.A., Farooqui, S., Khan, M., and Shameel, M. (2001). Elemental composition and bioactivity of seaweeds from Coastal areas of Karachi, Pakistan. KAU Mar. Sci., 12: 209-215. Rizvi, M.A., and Shameel, M. (2003). Biological activity and elementology of benthic algae from Karachi coast, Pak. J. Bot., 35(5): 717-729. Rizvi, M.A., and Shameel, M. (2004). Studies on the bioactivity and elementology of marine algae from the coast of Karachi, Pakistan. Phytother. Res., 18:865-872. Page 7 of 5 . Research Grant for Lab equipment Rizvi, M.A., and Shameel, M. (2005). Pharmaceutical biology of seaweeds from the Karachi coast of Pakistan. Pharm. Biol., 43: 97-107. Rizvi, M.A., (2010). Comparative antibacterial activities of seaweed extracts from Karachi coast, Pakistan. J. Pharma., 27(2): 53-57. Sarah, S. A., Nevein, A. R., Hend, A. E., and Ibrahim, A. (2013). Antibacterial substances from marine algae isolated from Jeddah coast of Red sea, Saudi Arabia. Saudi J. Biol.Sci., 21(1): 57-64. Shahnaz, L., and Shameel, M. (2007). Phycochemistry and bioactivity of some brown algae from Karachi Coast. Int. J. Phycol. Phycochem., 3(1): 7-10. Shaikh, W., Shameel, M., HayeeMemon, A., Usmanghani, K., Bano, S. and Ahmad, V.U. (1990). Isolation & characterization of chemical constituents of Stoechospermum marginatum (Dictyotales, Phaeophyta) and their antimicrobial activity.Pak. J. Pharm. Sci., 3(2): 1-9. Siddiqui, S., Naqvi, S.B.S., Usmanghani, K. and Shameel, M., (1993). Antibacterial activity and fatty acid composition of the extract from Hypnea muscformis (Gigartinales, Rhodophyta). Pakistan J. pharmaceu. Sci., 6: 45-51. Siddhanta, A.K., Mody, K.H., Ramavat, B.K., Chauhan, V.D., Garg, H.S., Goel, A.K., Doss, M.J., Srivastava, M.N., Patnaik, G.K., and Kamboj, V.P. (1997). Bioactivity of marine organisms: Part VIII – Screening of some marine flora of western coast of India. Ind. J. Exp. Biol., 36:638-643. Sieradzki, K., Roberts, R.B., Haber, S.W., and Tomasz, A. (1999). The development of vancomycin resistance in a patient with Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection. N. Engl. J. Med. 340: 517-523. Smith, P., Hiney, M.P., and Samuelsen, O.B. (1994). Bacterial resistance to antimicrobial agents used in fish farming. Annu. Rev. Fish Dis. 4: 273-313. Sultana, S., Khan, K.A., Ahmed, V.U., Shafiuddin, and Bano, S. (1990). Screening of antibacterial activity of the extract of marine organisms from Arabian Sea. Pak. J. Biochem., 23(1): 21-26. Taskin, E., Ozturk, M., and Kurt, O. (2007). Antibacterial activities of some marine algae from the Aegean Sea (Turkey). Afr. J. Biotechnol., 6 (24): 2746-2751. Thirumalairaj, V. K., Vijayan, M. P., Durairaj, G., Shanmugaasokan, L., Yesudas, R., and Gunasekaran, S. (2014). Potential antibacterial activity of crude extracts and silver nanoparticles synthesized from Sargassum wightii. Inter. Current Pharma J., 3(10): 322325. Usmanghani, K. M., Shameel, M., Sualah, K. Khan, and Z.A. Mahmood. (1984). Antibacterial and antifungal activities of marine algae from Karachi Seashore of Pakistan. Fitotrap., 55: 73-77. Page 8 of 5 Research Grant for Lab equipment Usmanghani, K., and Shameel, M. (1986). Studies on the antimicrobial activity of certain seaweeds from Karachi coast. In: Ahmad, R. and Pietro, A. San (eds.): Prospects for Biosaline Research. Proc. US-Pak. Biosal. Res. Works, Karachi, 519-526. Usmani, J.N., Mahboob, A., Kalhoro, and Ismail, S. (1991). Biological activities in seaweeds. Pak. J. Sci. Ind. Res., 34: 247–248. Vijayabaskar, P. Shiyamala, V. (2011). Antibacterial activities of brown marine algae (Sargassum wightii and Turbinaria ornata) from the Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve. Adv. Biol. Res. 5:99-102. Villarreal-Gómez L. J., Irma, E.M., Graciela, G.R., and Nahara, E.S. (2010). Antibacterial and anticancer activity of seaweeds and bacteria associated with their surface. Revista de Biología Marina Oceanografía. 45:267-275. Widowati, I., Susanto, A. B., Puspita, M., Stiger-Pouvreau, V., & Bourgougnon, N. (2014). Antibacterial and Antioxidant Properties of The Red Alga Gracilaria verrucosa from The North Coast of Java, Semarang, Indonesia. Inter. J. Lat.t Res. in Sci. Tech., 3(3): 179-185. Page 9 of 5 .