Download 03 toxicology

Toxicology
Word formation. Read the text and fill in the gaps with the correct word forms.
Toxicology is the scientific study dealing with adverse effects that occur in 1....................... (live)
organisms due to chemicals. It involves observing and reporting symptoms, mechanisms, detection
and 2....................... (treat) of toxic substances, in particular relation to the 3....................... (poison)
of humans.
Toxicology concerns with 4....................... (environment) agents and chemical compounds naturally
5....................... (occur), as well as pharmaceutical compounds that are synthesized for medical uses
by humans. These substances may produce toxic effects in living organisms including 6.......................
(disturb) in 7....................... (grow) patterns, discomfort, disease or even death.
LD50 (the median lethal dose) is a common term used in toxicology, which refers to the amount of a
material, 8....................... (give) all at once, which causes the 9....................... (die) of 50% (one half)
of a group of test population. To determine toxicity in scientific research, testing is conducted on
laboratory animals (e.g. rats or other surrogates) and the 10....................... (datum) are extrapolated
to use by humans.
The 11....................... (relate) between dose and its effects on the exposed organism is of high
12....................... (signify) in toxicology. Factors that influence chemical toxicity include the
13....................... (dose) (and whether it is acute or chronic); the route of 14....................... (expose),
the species, age, sex and environment. It is the primary means of 15....................... (classify) the
toxicity of the chemical, as it measures the quantity of the chemical, or the exposure to the
substance. All substances have the 16....................... (potency) to be toxic if given to living organisms
in the right conditions and dose.
Medication overdoses belong among the most common types of poisoning 17....................... (refer)
to serious, often 18....................... (harm), and sometimes fatal toxic reactions to an 19.......................
(accident) overdose of a drug - because of a doctor's, pharmacist's, or patient's error - or to an
intentional overdose - homicide or suicide.
Young children are at very high risk of overdose toxicity form many reasons. Drugs are not kept out
of the reach and 20....................... (see) of children, many medicine tablets look and taste like candy
and children are naturally curious about the taste, smell and texture of products.
Are the following nouns countable (C), uncountable (UC) or both (B)?
death
medication
significance
environment
means
research
overdose
sight
sex
detection
smell
amount
homicide
species
quantity
Useful expressions and phrases
toxic concentration
/ˈtɒksɪk ˌkɒns(ə)nˈtreɪʃ(ə)n/
toxická koncentrace
toxic dose
/ ˈtɒksɪk dəʊs/
toxická dávka
toxic effect
/ ˈtɒksɪk ɪˈfekt/
toxický účinek
evidence of toxic effects
/ˈevɪd(ə)ns.../
známky toxického účinku
transient toxic effects
/ˈtrænziənt.../
přechodné toxické účinky
cumulative toxic effects
/ˈkjuːmjʊlətɪv.../
kumulativní toxické účinky
acute toxic effects
/əˈkjuːt.../
akutní toxické účinky
marked toxic effects
/mɑː(r)kt.../
významné toxické účinky
toxic shock syndrome (TSS)
/...ʃɒk ˈsɪnˌdrəʊm /
syndrom toxického šoku
toxic substances
/...ˈsʌbstənsɪz/
toxické látky
toxicity test
/tɒkˈsɪsɪtɪ tests/
zkoušky toxicity
overdose symptoms
/ˈəʊvə(r)ˌdəʊs ˈsɪmptəms/
příznaky předávkování
overdose emergency procedures/...ɪˈmɜː(r)dʒ(ə)nsi prəˈsiːdʒə(r)z/
první pomoc při předávkování
overdose antidote
/ˈəʊvə(r)ˌdəʊs ˈæntɪˌdəʊts/antidota pro případ předávkování
overdose of/with insulin
/... ˈɪnsjʊlɪn/
předávkování inzulinem
insulin overdose
consequences of overdosing
/...ˈkɒnsɪkwənsis.../
klinické důsledky předávkování
long-term overdose
/ˈlɔŋˌtɜrm, ˈlɒŋ-.../
dlouhodobé předávkování
massive overdose
/ˈmæsɪv.../
těžké předávkování
large overdose
/lɑː(r)dʒ.../
výrazné předávkování
overdose levels
/...ˈlev(ə)ls/
hladiny předávkování
management of the overdose
/ˈmænɪdʒmənt.../
zvládnutí předávkování
overdose prevention
/...prɪˈvenʃ(ə)n/
prevence předávkování
treatment of overdose
/ˈtriːtmənt.../
léčbě předávkování
Is Tylenol Dangerous? (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8vd5v3jBrI8)
Tylenol, a brand name for acetaminophen (a generic name), also known as paracetamol, is currently
the most popular analgesic and antipyretic OTC drug in the United States. Despite the fact that the
use of Tylenol instead of aspirin in children has greatly reduced the incidence of Reye’s syndrome (a
fatal form of liver failure). Ironically, an overdose of Tylenol may cause liver failure , although based
on different mechanism than in case of aspirin, requiring transplantation.
Pre-listening activity. Guess the defined words. The first letter has been given.
c.................... someone who is responsible for doing something bad or illegal (n)
s.................... someone or something that is likely to do or cause something, especially something
bad (n)
i.................... the way you do or say something without thinking of the possible results of your
actions or words (adv)
h.................... to injure, damage, or have a bad effect on someone or something (v)
t.................... to praise someone or something because you want other people to think they are
good or important (v)
a.................... to use alcohol or drugs in a way that is harmful to your health (v)
d.................... instructions for doing something or for getting to a place (n, pl.)
r.................... to stop yourself from doing something, often used in official announcements or signs
(v)
s.................... to influence the way that something happens or the way that people behave (v)
Comprehensive questions. Try to answer the following questions after watching the video.
What are the 3 main reasons for consumer overdosing on Tylenol?
1)
2)
3)
What is the maximum safe dosage of a typical OTC drug compared to the recommended dosage?
__________________________________________________________________________________
What is the maximum safe dosage of Tylenol?
__________________________________________________________________________________
Is there any difference between liver damage and liver failure?
__________________________________________________________________________________
What groups of people are prone to being harmed by Tylenol? Why?
1)
2)
__________________________________________________________________________________
What dose of acetaminophen is considered to be harmful for an adult? Have there been any changes
in the amount of recommended doses?
__________________________________________________________________________________
What did the following abbreviations stand in the video for?
PCC
ER
a) pericardiocentesis
a) East Rochester (New York)
b) Poison Control Centre
b) endoplasmic reticulum
c) posterior cingulate cortex
c) emergency room
Most patients who have taken an overdose of acetaminophen will initially be asymptomatic, as
clinical evidence of end-organ toxicity often does not manifest until 24-48 hours after an acute
ingestion. To identify whether a patient is at risk, the clinician should determine the time(s) of
ingestion, the quantity, and the formulation of acetaminophen ingested. Physical findings vary,
depending primarily on the level of hepatotoxicity.
The clinical course of acetaminophen toxicity generally is divided into four phases. Try to insert the
below mention data into the correct column (Phase 1 - 4) in the correct order the events described.
Phase 1
Phase 2
Phase 3
Phase 4
Recovery phase
0.5-24 hours after
ingestion
18-72 h after ingestion
72-96 h after ingestion
4 d to 3 wks after
ingestion
1.
2.
Patients may have
continued nausea and
vomiting, abdominal
pain, and a tender
hepatic edge
7.
Physical examination
may reveal pallor,
diaphoresis, malaise,
and fatigue
Right upper quadrant
tenderness may be
present
5.
3.
Acute renal failure
develops in some
critically ill patients
4.
6.
A. Death from multi organ failure may occur
B. Hepatic necrosis and dysfunction are associated with icterus, coagulopathy, hypoglycaemia,
and hepatic encephalopathy
C. Patients generally develop right upper quadrant abdominal pain, anorexia, nausea, and
vomiting
D. Patients may be asymptomatic or report anorexia, nausea or vomiting, and malaise
E. Patients who survive critical illness in phase 3 have complete resolution of symptoms and
complete resolution of organ failure
F. Some patients may report decreased urinary output
G. Tachycardia and hypotension indicate ongoing volume losses
Technical vs Plain Language. Explain the following technical words from the table above in plain
English.
asymptomatic
_______________________________________________________________
oliguria
_______________________________________________________________
tachycardia
_______________________________________________________________
hypotension
_______________________________________________________________
nausea
_______________________________________________________________
anorexia
_______________________________________________________________
hypoglycaemia
_______________________________________________________________
icterus
_______________________________________________________________
coagulopathy
_______________________________________________________________
malaise
_______________________________________________________________
Examples of typical signs of intoxication. Match the synonyms and add the Czech meaning.
technical term
plain English synonym/explanation
1) abnormal gait
A. sleepiness
2) akathisia
B. tingling sensations
3) arthralgia
C. feeling sick
4) asthenia
D. difficulty walking
5) ataxia
E. muscle spasms
6) dyskinesia
F. uncontrollable movements
7) dystonia
G. a general sensation of weakness, fatigue
8) dystonia
H. a sensation of restlessness
9) nausea
I.
prolonged muscle contractions
10) paraesthesia
J.
difficulty in muscular co-ordination
11) somnolence
K. joint pain
Czech meaning
More vocabulary expressing poisoning. Translate the following phrases.
studie toxicity po podání jedné dávky
_____________________________________
kožní alergické reakce
_____________________________________
žádné zvláštní riziko pro člověka
_____________________________________
zamezit nevhodnému a nadměrnému používání léků
_____________________________________
nedostatečné okysličení krve
_____________________________________
náhlá zmatenost, křeče a kóma
_____________________________________
zrychlené dýchání, pocení
_____________________________________
ztuhlost svalů
_____________________________________
ospalost či spavost
_____________________________________
zpomalení dýchání
_____________________________________
abnormální srdeční rytmus
_____________________________________
rozmazané vidění
_____________________________________
záchvaty a zvracení
_____________________________________
zmatenost, pokles koncentrace
_____________________________________
zhoršené reakce, útlum
_____________________________________
poruchy řeči (někdy úplná ztráta řeči)
_____________________________________
třes, paralýza a brnění
_____________________________________
závrať, ztráta sebekontroly
_____________________________________
Vocabulary
A&E (n)
abuse (v)
accidental (adj)
acetaminophen (n)
analgesic (adj)
antipyretic (adj)
clinician (n)
coagulopathy (n)
constituent (n)
culprit (n)
cutaneous (adj)
detection (n)
diaphoresis (n)
direction (n)
discomfort (n)
disorder (n)
disturbance (n)
dizziness (n)
drowsiness (n)
emergency room (n)
endoplasmic reticulum (n)
extrapolate (v)
fatigue (n)
findings (n, pl)
formulation (n)
hepatic encephalopathy (n)
hepatotoxicity (n)
homicide (n)
hypoglycaemia (n)
hypotension (n)
icterus (n)
impaired (adj)
intentional (adj)
irresponsibly (adv)
lapse (n)
lethal (adj)
malaise (n)
median (adj)
misuse (n)
necrosis (n)
numbness (n)
ongoing (adj)
overuse (n)
pallor (n)
/ˌeɪ ənd ˈiː/
/əˈbjuːs/
/ˌæksɪˈdent(ə)l/
/əˌsi təˈmɪn ə fən, ˌæs ɪ tə-/
/ˌæn(ə)lˈdʒiːzɪk/
/ˌæntɪpaɪˈrɛtɪk/
/klɪˈnɪʃ(ə)n/
/kəʊæɡjʊˈlɒpəθɪ /
/kənˈstɪtjʊənt/
/ˈkʌlprɪt/
/kjuːˈteɪnɪəs/
/dɪˈtekʃ(ə)n/
/ˌdaɪəfəˈriːsɪs/
/dɪˈrekʃ(ə)n/ or /daɪˈ.../
/dɪsˈkʌmfə(r)t/
/dɪsˈɔː(r)də(r)/
/dɪˈstɜː(r)bəns/
/ˈdɪzinəs/
/ˈdraʊzɪnəs/
/ɪˈmɜː(r)dʒ(ə)nsi ruːm/
/ˈendəʊˌplæzmɪk rɪˈtɪkjʊləm/
/ɪkˈstræpəleɪt/
/fəˈtiːɡ/
/ˈfaɪn dɪŋs/
/ˌfɔː(r)mjʊˈleɪʃ(ə)n/
/hɪˈpætɪk enˌsefəˈlɒpəθɪ/
/ˌhepətəʊtɒkˈsɪsɪtɪ/
/ˈhɒmɪsaɪd/
/ˌhaɪpəʊɡlaɪˈsiːmɪə/
/ˌhaɪpəʊˈtɛnʃən/
/ˈɪktərəs/
/ɪmˈpeə(r)d/
/ɪnˈtenʃ(ə)nəl/
/ˌɪrɪˈspɒnsəb(ə)li/
/læps/
/ˈliːθl/
/məˈleɪz/
/ˈmiːdiən/
/mɪsˈjuːs/
/neˈkrəʊsɪs/
/nʌmnəs/
/ˈɒnˌɡəʊɪŋ/
/ˌəʊvə(r)ˈjuːz/
/ˈpælə(r)/
pohotovost (BrE)
zneužívat, nadměrně užívat
náhodný, neúmyslný
paralen
analgetický
antipyretický, protihorečnatý
klinický lékař
koagulopatie
složka, komponent
viník, pachatel
kožní
objevení, zjištění
pocení
směrnice, pokyn
potíže, nepříjemné pocity
porucha
narušení
závrať
ospalost
pohotovost (AmE)
endoplazmatické retikulum
extrapolovat
únava
poznatky, nález
přípravek
hepatická encefalopatie
hepatotoxicita
vražda, zabití
hypoglykemie
hypotenze
ikterus
zhoršený
záměrný, úmyslný
bezohledně, nezodpovědně
pokles
smrtelný, smrtící
malátnost; neklid
střední, prostřední
nevhodné užívání
nekróza, sněť
brnění
trvající
nadměrné užívání
bledost
paralysis (n)
pericardiocentesis (n)
posterior cingulate cortex (n)
prone to (adj)
quadrant (n)
reach (n)
refrain (v)
steer (v)
stiffness (n)
suicide (n)
suspect (n)
tachycardia (n)
tenderness (n)
tout (v)
tremble (n)
urinary output (phr)
/pəˈræləsɪs/
paralýza
/ˌperɪ kɑː(r)diəʊ senˈtisɪs/
odsání tekutin z pericardia
/pɒˈstɪəriə(r )ˈsɪŋɡjʊlət ˈkɔː(r)teks/ zadní cingulární kůra
/prəʊn tə/
náchylný k
/ˈkwɒdrənt/
kvadrant
/riːtʃ/
dosah
/rɪˈfreɪn/
zdržet se, vyvarovat se
/stɪə(r)/
řídit, směrovat, mířit
/stɪfnəs/
ztuhlost
/ˈsuːɪsaɪd/
sebevražda
/ˈsʌspekt/
podezřelý
/ˌtækɪˈkɑːdɪə/
tachykardie
/ˈtendə(r)nəs/
citlivost, choulostivost
/taʊt/
propagovat, prosazovat, nabízet
/ˈtremb(ə)l/
třes
/ˈjʊərɪn(ə)ri ˈaʊtˌpʊt/
produkce moči