Download Rocks pupil notes - Lesmahagow High School

S1 Science
Rocks
NEW LEARNING
REVISION
Having explored the
substances that make
up Earth's surface, I
can compare some of
their characteristics
and uses.
SCN 2-17a
Through evaluation of a
range of data, I can
describe the formation,
characteristics and uses of
soils, minerals and basic
types of rocks.
SCN 3-17a
Starter Questions
1. What do you think the Earth is made
of?
2. Are rocks: Alive, Dead or Never Alive?
3. Write down 3 words to describe rocks.
Structure of the Earth
Today we will learn to
Describe the layers which make up
planet Earth
We will do this by
Listening to a description, drawing a
diagram and answering questions.
We will have succeeded if
We can describe the Earth to an alien
(or our parents!).
Structure of the Earth
crust
inner core
outer core
mantle
Structure of the Earth
Scientists have learned about the structure of
the earth from the study of Seismology which
is the study of earthquakes.
These happen when rocks slip inside the earth
often at a weakness called a fault.
Structure of the Earth
A – inner core
B – outer core
C – mantle
D – crust
Structure of the Earth
solid
A: Inner Core: Mostly iron, dense ________,
temperature about ________!
5000oC
liquid
B: Outer Core: Mostly iron, dense ________,
temperature about__________.
2000-3000oC
C: Mantle: Less dense than _________,
core
temperature about ________.
1000oC
5 and 90km thick. Least
D: Crust: Between __
dense rock, __________
part.
coolest
Starter Questions
1. Draw a diagram of the earth and label
the core.
2. Which part(s) of the earth’s structure
is/are liquid?
3. Why is the part we live on called the
crust?
• Today we’ll be…..
• Learning about the differences between
different types of rocks.
• By the end of the next couple of lessons...
• You will be able to explain how crystals form
inside rocks
• We’ll do this by….
• Examining different rock types, watching a
film about how they form, and answering some
questions.
The Rock
Rock Circus
Circus
The
The Rock Circus
ROCK
Grains?
Crystals?
Layers?
Scratches
with ?
A
B
Slight
sparkle
C
D
Iron nail &
Coin
E
Fingernail
F
Bubbles
with acid?
The Rock Circus
The Rock Circus
A Granite
B Sandstone
C Slate
D Limestone
E Chalk
F Marble
Starter Questions
1. Describe some of the properties of
different types of rocks.
2. What test could you use to rate the
hardness of a rock?
3. Which type of rock do YOU think
would be best for buildings?
• Today we’ll be…..
• Learning how different types of rock form.
• By the end of this lesson...
• You will be able to explain how crystals form
inside rocks
• We’ll do this by….
• Watching a film about how rocks form, and
answering some questions.
The Rock Cycle
igneous rocks
volcano
basalt
Magma
rises to
the surface
where it
cools rapidly.
Weathering breaks
down rocks.
transportation
Rocks rise
and deposition
to the surface by
uplift and erosion.
sea
igneous rocks
granite
slow
solidification
magma
melt
sedimentary rocks
mudstone
high pressure
and temperature
metamorphic rocks
slate and marble
Sedimentary Rocks
How They are Made
• Wind and water break down existing rocks
• Bits of existing rock settle in lakes and
rivers
• Layers are formed and build up as the
existing rocks stick together
• Pressure and time turn the layers to
sedimentary rock
Types of Sedimentary Rocks
Sandstone
Mudstone
Gypsum
Rock Salt
Limestone
Coal
Metamorphic Rocks
What are They?
•
•
•
•
Rocks that have changed
They were once igneous or sedimentary
Pressure and heat changed the rocks
The newly formed metamorphic rock can
have different properties to the rock it
was formed from
Types of Metamorphic Rocks
Gneiss
marble
Slate
Mica schist
Rocks Have Been Used For Many Years
and
For Many Things
What type of Rock are the following
made from ?
The White House
Taj Mahal
Made from sandstone
then painted white
Made from Indian marble
Starter Questions
1. Name 3 different types of rock found
in the earth.
2. Pick one type of rock and describe how
it is formed.
3. Why do you think some rocks have
crystals in them?
• Today we’ll be…..
• Learning how crystals form in igneous rock.
• By the end of the lesson...
• You will be able to explain why crystals in rock
are different sizes.
• We’ll do this by….
• Doing an experiment to cool hot liquid and
examining what it looks like afterwards.
Crystals in Igneous Rock
Crystals in Igneous Rock
Crystals in Igneous Rock
• The crystals in igneous rock form as the hot
magma (lava) cools down.
• Different sized crystals form because the
magma cools at different rates in different
places, dependent on the
temperature.
S1 Earth & Rocks Topic
HARD ROCK INVESTIGATION
Apparatus used
Slabs of different types of rock labelled with their name and
whether they are igneous, metamorphic or sedimentary
A steel ball bearing
A transparent plastic tube 60cm long and just wide enough to
let the ball bearing fall freely down it
Something else
Using the apparatus above, including something else, design an
experiment to measure the hardness of different rocks.
Hard Rock Results
Name of Rock
Type of Rock
Height ball bearing bounces (cm)
Slate
Metamorphic
22
Chalk
Sedimentary
15
Granite
Igneous
58
Basalt
Igneous
47
Marble
Metamorphic
45
Limestone
Sedimentary
43
Gneiss
Metamorphic
35
Serpentine
Igneous
23
Sandstone
Sedimentary
38
Hard Rock Results
Plot, Label, Units, Scale, size
Starter Questions
1. What important features should always
be present and correct in a graph?
2. How is metamorphic rock formed?
3. Give an example of a metamorphic rock.
• Today we’ll be…..
• Learning how fossils form in sedimentary
rock.
• By the end of the lesson...
• You will be able to explain how fossils were
preserved on the sea bed.
• We’ll do this by….
• Doing an experiment to look at how fossils
were preserved and discussing fossils
Has our country always been
here?
http://www.bbc.co.uk/learningzone/clips/fossils-on-streedagh-beach-in-ireland/7792.html
• Most of our country is made from
sedimentary rock – what does this tell
you?
• Our land was once underwater!
Fossils
• Fossils are traces of prehistoric life.
• They are plants or animals that were
buried in sediment and preserved.
• Usually it was the print that was left –
the rock in the shape of the animal or
plant.
• The types of fossils in an area give clues
to the area’s history.
Starter Questions
1. Write down the stages involved in the
formation of a fossil.
2. Draw a diagram to represent each
stage.
3. What type of rock are fossils usually
found in?
• Today we’ll be…..
• Learning what soil is made of.
• By the end of the lesson...
• You will be able to explain what the three
main components of soil are.
• We’ll do this by….
• Doing an experiment to heat soil and weighing
it before and after.
Soil
• What do you think soil is made up of?
• It doesn’t look like much, but it is full of
life
• http://www.bbc.co.uk/learningzone/clips
/what-is-soil/2215.html
What is Soil
Made of?
Soil is made up from broken down rocks.
Soil also contains air, water and humus (dead animal
and plants which have slowly rotted away)
There are different types of soil:
clay soil & sandy soil
The best type of soil is called LOAM THIS IS A
SOIL THAT CONTAINS SOME CLAY, SAND AND
LOTS OF HUMUS.
Soil Experiment
Measurement made
Weight of dish and soil
before drying (a)
Weight of dish and soil
after drying (b)
Weight of water lost (a-b)
Weight of dish and soil
after heating (c)
Weight of humus lost (b-c)
Result (g)
What is Soil Made Of?
Soil is produced when rock breaks down. The type
of soil depends on the type of rocks
broken down. Clay soils have lots of tiny grains of
clay
stuck closely together. Sandy soils
have larger grains with bigger air spaces
between them.
Humus is made from rotting plant and animal
remains. It breaks down to give useful minerals
which plants can use as food. The best type of
soil is called LOAM . This is a soil that contains a
small amount of clay, some sand and lots of
humus.