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Chapter 11 Presentation Notes Factors Affecting Deformation Factors that influence the strength of a rock and how it will deform include _________________, __________________, _________, and ____. • __________________ is a general term that refers to all changes in the original shape and/or size of a rock body. - _______________ deformation occurs along plate margins. • ______________________ is the force per unit area acting on a solid. • __________ is the change in shape or volume of a body of rock as a result of stress. ______________________________ • Rocks deform permanently in two ways: ____________________ and __________________________. - Brittle deformation is the __________________ of an object once its strength is eceeded. - Ductile deformation is a type of solid state flow that produces a ______________________ of an object without fracturing the object. Rock Type • ____________________________ of a rock also greatly affect how it will deform. Time • Forces that are unable to deform rock when first applied __________ ______________if the force is maintained over a ________________. Types of Stress The three types of stresses that rocks commonly undergo are __________ stress, _________________ stress, and ______________ stress. Folds Anticlines • _____________ are most commonly formed by the ________, or ______________, of rock layers. Synclines • _______________ are __________________ in sedimentary strata. 1 Chapter 11 Presentation Notes • Synclines are often found in association with anticlines. Monoclines • _________________ are ________________________ in otherwise horizontal sedimentary strata. Faults ___________________ • __________________ occur when the hanging wall block moves down relative to the footwall block. Reverse Faults and Thrust Faults • ______________ are faults in which the hanging wall block moves up relative to the footwall block. • _______________________ are reverse faults with dips less than 45o. Strike-Slip Fault • ________________________ are faults in which the movement is horizontal and parallel to the trend, or strike, of the fault surface. Joints • _____________ are fractures along which no appreciable movement has occurred. 2