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SI Biol 256 Worksheet Unit 3 B 1.) Anemia occurs when there is abnormally low oxygen-carrying capacity in the blood, low Red Blood Cell count and low Hematocrit. 2.) Polycythemia vera results when mitosis occurs at an uncontrolled rate, producing a high Hematocrit, high blood pressure and a reddening of the skin. 3.) All leukocytes originate from hemocytoblast (hemo – blood; cyto – cell; blaststem cell) which differentiate into myeloid stem cells and lymphoid stem cells. 4.) Myeloid stem cells become myeloblast or monoblast but also produce Red Blood Cells; while lymphoid stem cells become lymphoblast 5.) Myeloblasts develop into eosinophils, neutrophils or basophils while monoblasts develop into monocytes 6.) The neutrophils (70%) make up the highest percentage of White Blood Cells. 7.) Monocytes leave the circulation, enter tissues, and differentiate into macrophages. (macrophages are highly mobile and actively phagocytic) 8.) Platelets are not cells but fragments of megakaryocytes which are kept inactive by intact endothelial cells (nitric oxide and prostaglanding I2. These two substances are synthesized by the intact, undamaged endothelial cells.) 9.) In hemostatis (series of reactions to stop bleeding), three phases occur in rapid sequence: 1. vascular spasm/vasoconstriction in response to injury. 2. Platelet plug formation. 3. Coagulation in which blood clotting takes place. 10.) Coagulation is a reaction series called a coagulation cascade, in which one inactive clotting factor becomes active and it in turn activates another clottig factor 11.) Coagulation follows both extrinsic and intrinsic pathways, either are triggered by tissue-damaging events. HEMOCYTOBLAST MYELOID STEM CELLS LYMPHOID STEM CELLS MYELOBLAST MONOBLAST LYMPHOBLAST Eosinophils Monocytes Lymphocyte Neutrophils Basophils