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CHAPTER 8
ANATOMICAL CONSIDERATIONS
ANATOMICAL
CONSIDERATIONS
 Chapter 8 emphasizes those areas of anatomy most
concerned with the embalming process.
 Chapter 8 is going to tell us about our vessel selection
options.
 Chapter 9 is closely related in that we will learn the process
in selecting the vessels we will be using. So learn
chapter 8 well.
ANATOMICAL POSITION
DEFINED
 The subject is standing erect, the arms are at the sides with
the palms of the hands facing the observer, the feet
are together and the subject is facing the observer.
DEFINITIONS
 Anatomical Guide- A method of locating a structure, such
as an artery or vein, by referencing to an adjacent
known or prominent structure.
 Linear Guide- A line is drawn or visualized on the surface
of the skin to represent the approximate location of
some deeper lying structure.
DEFINITIONS
 Anatomical Limit- The point of origin and point of
termination of a structure in relation to adjacent
structures.
 Remember that blood in the veins flows in the direction
opposite of blood in the arteries to the anatomical limit
and the linear guide for the veins would be the opposite
of their respective arteries.
SURFACE FEATURES OF
THE NECK
 You should be able to locate the following:
• Clavicle
• Mandible
• Angle of the Jaw
• Mastoid Process of the Temporal Bone
• Hyoid Bone
• Sternum
• Sernoclavicular Articulation
• Suprasternal Notch
• Thyroid Cartilage of the larynx
SURFACE FEATURES OF
THE NECK
 Sternocleidomastoid muscle
 If you don’t know where these features are located you can
reference your Anatomy and Physiology textbook for
a review.
 And you all thought that Anatomy and Physiology was
useless?
ANTERIOR TRIANGLE
INCLUDES
 Hyoid Bone
 Thyroid Cartilage
 Cricoid Cartilage
 The sheath that covers
all of this is
called the
platysma.
COMMON CAROTID
ARTERY
 Linear Guide- From the sternoclavicular articulation to the
anterior surface of the base of the ear lobe.
 Anatomical Guide- The right and left common carotid
arteries are located posterior to the medial border of
the SCM Muscle.
COMMON CAROTID
ARTERY
 Anatomical Limit- It beings at the level of the right
sternoclavicular articulation and ends at the superior
border of the thyroid cartilage.
 Origins- The right common carotid is a terminal branch of
the brachiocephalic artery. The left is a branch off
the aorta.
COMMON CAROTID
ARTERY
 Branches- there are no branches of the right or left
common carotid, except the terminal bifurcation into
the right and left internal and external carotid
arteries.
 The internal jugular vein lies lateral and superficial to the
common carotid artery.
THE AXILLARY ARTERY
 Linear Guide- Through the center of the base of the
axillary space to a point over or through the center of
the lateral border of the base of the axillary space.
 Anatomical Guide- it is just behind the medial border of
the corcobrachalias muscle.
THE AXILLARY ARTERY
 Anatomical limit- from a point beginning at the lateral
border of the first rib and ends at the inferior border
of the tendon of the teres major muscle.
 Origin- It is a continuation of the subclavian artery.
 The axillary artery is located lateral and deep to the axillary
vein.
BRACHIAL ARTERY
 Linear Guide- From the center of the lateral border of the
base of the axillary space to a point approximately 1
inch below and in front of the elbow joint
 Anatomical Guide- Lies in the bicipital groove at the
posterior margin of the medial border of the belly of
the biceps brachii muscle.
BRACHIAL ARTERY
 Anatomical Limit- Begins at the inferior border of the tendon of
the teres major muscle and ends at a point inferior to the antecubital
fossa.
 Origin- It is a continuation of the axillary artery.
 The accompanying basilic vein is located medial and superficial to
the brachial artery.
RADIAL ARTERY
 Linear Guide- from the center of the antecubital fossa to
the center of the base of the index finger.
 Anatomical Guide- Lies just lateral to the tendon of the
flexor carpiradialis muscle and just medial to the
tendon of the brachioradialis muscle.
RADIAL ARTERY
 Anatomical Limit- from a point approximately 1 inch below
and in front of the bend of the elbow to a point over
the base of the thumb.
 Origin- Originates at the bifurcation of the brachial artery.
 Two small veins lie on both sides of the artery.
ULNAR ARTERY
 Linear Guide- The center of the antecubial fossa on the
forearm to a point between the fourth and fifth fingers.
 Anatomical Guide- Just lateral to the tendon of the flexor carpi
ulnaris muscle.
 Anatomical Limit- From a point approximately 1 inch below
and in front of the bend of the elbow to a point over the
pisiform bone.
ULNAR ARTERY
 Origin- originates at the bifurcation of the brachial artery.
 Two small veins lie on either side.
EXTERNAL ILIAC ARTERY
AND VEIN
 It is a continuation of the common iliac artery.
 It extends to a point under the center of the inguinal
ligament.
 The artery lies exactly at this ligament lateral to the external
iliac vein.
 This artery is used to embalm the lower extremities of an
autopsied body.
INGUINAL REGION
 The inguinal region is an area below the inguinal ligament in
which the femoral vessels are found.
FEMORAL TRIANGLE
 The inguinal ligament is the base and the sides are the
medial border of the sartorius muscle and the lateral
border of the adductor longus muscle.
THE FEMORAL ARTERY
 Linear Guide- On the thigh from the center of the inguinal
ligament to the center of the medial prominence of the
knee.
 Anatomical Guide- passes through the center of the femoral
triangle and is bound laterally by the medical border of
the sartorius muscle and medially by the adductor
longus muscle.
THE FEMORAL ARTERY
 Anatomical Limit- From a point bend the center of the
inguinal ligament o the opening in the adductor
magnus muscle.
 Origin- it is a continuation of the external iliac artery.
 The vein is superficial to the femoral vein.
THE POPLITEAL ARTERY
 Linear Guide- Center of the superior border of the
popliteal space parallel to the long axis of the lower
extremity to the center of the inferior border of the
popliteal space.
 Anatomical Limit- From a point beginning a the opening of
the adductor magnus muscle to the lower border of
the popliteus muscle.
THE POPLITEAL ARTERY
 Origin- it is a continuation of the femoral artery.
 The vein lies posterior and medial to the artery.
ANTERIOR AND POSTERIOR
TIBIAL ARTERIES
 Linear Guide- The anterior is from the lateral border of the
patella to the anterior surface of the ankle joint. The Posterior
is from the center of the popliteal space to a point mid-way
between the posterior border of the tibia and the calcaneus
tendon.
ANTERIOR AND POSTERIOR
TIBIAL ARTERIES
 Anatomical Guide- The anterior is in a groove between the
tibialis anterior muscle and the tendon of the extensor hallucis
longus muscle. The posterior is between the posterior border
of the tibia and the calcaneus tendon.
ANTERIOR AND POSTERIOR
TIBIAL ARTERIES
 Anatomical Limit- The anterior starts at the beginning of
the inferior border of the popliteus muscle to a point in from
of the middle of the ankle joint. The posterior starts from a
point beginning at the inferior border of the popliteus muscle
to a point over and between the medial malleolus and the
calcaneus of the respective foot.
DORSALIS PEDIS
 Linear Guide- from the center of the anterior surface of
the ankle joint to a point between the first and second toes.