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Exploring the Evolution of Vertebrates Part One: Candy cladograms Working with your group, arrange your candy in a phylogenic tree on the back of this sheet. How can you group your candies together? What traits do they share? Part Two: Constructing the Vertebrate Evolutionary Family Tree In the center of a piece of large paper, make a cladogram (refer to your book notes/video notes) for Kangaroos, Humans, Tuna, Bullfrogs, Snapping Turtles, Rhesus Monkeys, and Lampreys. The cladogram will be based only on shared characteristics between these animals; these characteristics are found in a chart on the following page. The cladogram you construct will serve as your hypothesis for the evolution of vertebrates (i.e., the order in which major vertebrate groups branched off from each other). Part Three: Does DNA Support Your Vertebrate Evolutionary Family Tree? 1. On the back of your poster, make another cladogram for Humans, Kangaroos, Tuna, Snapping Turtles and Rhesus Monkeys using genetic differences instead of shared characteristics (Refer to the Handout called Building a Cladogram Using Genetic Differences in Cytochrome C). 2. Compare the two cladograms and decide whether or not amino acid sequences (DNA) support or refute your original hypothesis. 3. Write a small description on the other (original) side of your poster that explains how amino acid sequences support your original hypothesis. Part Four: Individual Activity Assessment On your own sheet of paper, write a well-developed 5-7 sentences paragraph that: 1. Describe four pieces of evidence that support the evolution (and relationships) among vertebrates. 2. Explains how these activities illustrate that evolution is a theory, not a hypothesis PART ONE: CANDY CLADOGRAM In the space below, arrange your candy in a cladogram. How can different candies be grouped? Use for Part 2 Shared Characteristics for Vertebrates Traits Kangaroo (Marsupial) Lamprey (Jawless Fish) Rhesus Monkey (Primate) Bullfrog (Amphibian) Human Snapping Turtle (Reptile) Tuna (Jawed Fish) Dorsal Nerve Cord Notochord x x x x x x x Jaw, Paired Appendages, Vertebral column Paired Legs x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Amnion Mammary Glands Placenta Canine teeth short Foramen Magnum forward (Important Note: An X means the animal HAS the characteristic!) Traits Key: Dorsal Nerve Cord: a nerve running along the back or “dorsal” body surface Notochord: a flexible but supporting cartilage-like rod running along the back or “dorsal/back” surface Paired Appendages: legs, arms, wings, fins, flippers, antennae, etc… Vertebral column: backbone Paired Legs: 2 legs opposite one another Amnion: a membrane that holds the amniotic fluid surrounding the embryo; may or may not be inside an egg shell Mammary Glands: milk-secreting glands that nourish the young Placenta: structure attached to inside of uterus of mother and joined to the embryo by the umbilical cord; provides nourishment and oxygen to the embryo/fetus Canine Teeth Short: about same length as other teeth Foramen Magnum Forward: spinal cord opening located forward under skull (more centered) rather than towards the back of the skull Use for Part 3 Building a Cladogram Using Genetic Differences in Cytochrome-C BACKGROUND INFORMATION: You have just completed an activity in which you made a cladogram showing the evolutionary relationships between seven organisms. The data used to draw that cladogram was based on shared morphological (anatomical) characteristics that were inherited from their ancestors. Biochemical characteristics, like similarities in nuclear DNA, mitochondrial DNA, or protein structure, can be used to produce cladograms. DNA is the hereditary material in all organisms, which is mostly located in the nucleus and a small amount in the mitochondria (mitochondrial DNA). The instructions in DNA are used to link together amino acids in a particular sequence, which form proteins, and ultimately determine an organism’s traits (i.e., physical features and behaviors). [DNA → Gene → Amino Acid → Protein → Trait] If there is strong agreement between the patterns produced using anatomical similarities and those produced by using biochemical structures, it provides what we call "independent confirmation" of the cladogram. Independent confirmation is where two or more sources of evidence that are not dependent on each other produce the same pattern. The more independent confirmation that is available the more confidence we have that the evolutionary relationships shown in the cladogram are correct. In this activity, we will examine and compare the amino acid sequence of a protein called Cytochrome C. The complete sequence of amino acids for this protein has been determined for many organisms, including five of the seven animals from your first cladogram. # of DNA Differences for Cytochrome-C Human Monkey Kangaroo Turtle Tuna Human 0 1 12 19 31 Monkey 1 0 13 18 32 Kangaroo 12 13 0 14 27 turtle 19 18 14 0 27 tuna 31 32 27 27 0 (The above chart shows the number of genetic (nucleotide) differences in the genes coding for the protein Cytochrome C.) Part Four: Individual Activity Assessment On your own sheet of paper, write a well-developed 5-7 sentences paragraph that: 1. Describe four pieces of evidence that support the evolution (and relationships) among vertebrates. 2. Explains one reason for why these organisms cannot reproduce together (reproductive isolation). _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________