Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Honors Geophysical Science Exam Review, Mrs. JoAnne Pawlowski Please bring the following: 1. Calculators 2. A number 2 pencil Be on time, please General science methods measurement Scientific notation Density Scientific method- dependent and independent variables, control and experimental groups, hypothesis, conclusion, data organization Metric and metric conversions Metric prefixes Graphing Sig figs Problems to solve; equations given; you must know units Motion Speed, velocity, acceleration and momentum Forces Friction- a force that opposes motion; coefficient of friction Gravity- force between two masses- an increase in mass, increases the force of gravity. An increase in distance decreases the force of gravity by a squared factor Weight =mass times gravity Mass is a measure of the amount of matter in a body Newton’s Laws Inertia-first law of motion-a body at rest, stay at rest unless a force acts upon it and a body in motion remains in motion unless a force acts upon it F=ma- second law –if the force on a mass increases, its acceleration increases; an unbalanced force produces an acceleration in the direction of the force Action/Reaction- third law- for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction Friction as force, coefficient of friction problems Force diagrams Work, Power, Energy Simple machines, inclined plane, screw, lever, pulley, wheel and axle, wedge Mechanical advantage Work input is always greater than work output due to friction- efficiency % Potential energy, energy of position, stored energy Kinetic energy, energy of motion Transformation of energy, energy may be changed from one type or form to another Forms of energy Momentum and impulse concepts and problems Chemical energy is stored in the particles of matter. Mechanical energy is associated with a moving an object Waves, Sound, Light Waves are a means of transferring energy Mechanical waves-longitudinal( e.g. sound)move parallel to direction of wave motion or transverse(e.g. ocean)move perpendicular to direction of wave motion- cannot travel through a vacuum, require a medium Longitudinal waves have zones of compressions and rarefactions Transverse waves- crests and troughs, particles move perpendicular to direction of the motion of the wave Electromagnetic waves, transverse, may travel through matter or a vacuum, light is an example Electromagnetic Spectrum and all of its components Period- time for one wave to pass Frequency- the number of waves per second Wavelength- the distance from a point on one wave to the same point on the adjacent wave Amplitude- the height of a wave from the equilibrium point Wavelength and frequency are inversely proportional Reflection- a wave bounces off a surface, law of reflection- angle of incidence=angle of reflection Refraction- the bending of a wave due the change in speed as it moves from one medium to another Diffraction- the bending of a wave at a slit or edge of boundary Electricity Charges- opposite charges attract, like charges repel + and – Neutral- having same number of positive and negative charges Charges bodies attract neutral charges Coulomb’s Law shows how the force between two charges, like or different, is directly related to Current is the flow of electrical charge from moving electrons Insulators, resist the flow of electrons- electrons trapped in place-plastic, wood Conductors, enable electron flow- metals, for example Ohm’s Law shows the relationship of current to voltage and resistance Voltage is potential difference Resistance is the force that counteracts current Series Circuits have only one path on which charge may move. If circuit is opened or broken, the current will not flow. Parallel Circuits have parallel, therefore, more than one path on which the current may flow. Most homes are designed with parallel circuits so if one electrical circuit is opened, then current may continue to flow via another parallel path.