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Honors Geophysical Science Exam Review, Mrs. JoAnne Pawlowski
Please bring the following:
1. Calculators
2. A number 2 pencil
Be on time, please
General science methods measurement
Scientific notation
Density
Scientific method- dependent and independent variables, control and experimental groups, hypothesis,
conclusion, data organization
Metric and metric conversions
Metric prefixes
Graphing
Sig figs
Problems to solve; equations given; you must know units
Motion
Speed, velocity, acceleration and momentum
Forces
Friction- a force that opposes motion; coefficient of friction
Gravity- force between two masses- an increase in mass, increases the force of gravity. An increase in
distance decreases the force of gravity by a squared factor
Weight =mass times gravity
Mass is a measure of the amount of matter in a body
Newton’s Laws
Inertia-first law of motion-a body at rest, stay at rest unless a force acts upon it and a body in motion remains
in motion unless a force acts upon it
F=ma- second law –if the force on a mass increases, its acceleration increases; an unbalanced force produces
an acceleration in the direction of the force
Action/Reaction- third law- for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction
Friction as force, coefficient of friction problems
Force diagrams
Work, Power, Energy
Simple machines, inclined plane, screw, lever, pulley, wheel and axle, wedge
Mechanical advantage
Work input is always greater than work output due to friction- efficiency %
Potential energy, energy of position, stored energy
Kinetic energy, energy of motion
Transformation of energy, energy may be changed from one type or form to another
Forms of energy
Momentum and impulse concepts and problems
Chemical energy is stored in the particles of matter. Mechanical energy is associated with a moving an object
Waves, Sound, Light
Waves are a means of transferring energy
Mechanical waves-longitudinal( e.g. sound)move parallel to direction of wave motion or transverse(e.g.
ocean)move perpendicular to direction of wave motion- cannot travel through a vacuum, require a medium
Longitudinal waves have zones of compressions and rarefactions
Transverse waves- crests and troughs, particles move perpendicular to direction of the motion of the wave
Electromagnetic waves, transverse, may travel through matter or a vacuum, light is an example
Electromagnetic Spectrum and all of its components
Period- time for one wave to pass
Frequency- the number of waves per second
Wavelength- the distance from a point on one wave to the same point on the adjacent wave
Amplitude- the height of a wave from the equilibrium point
Wavelength and frequency are inversely proportional
Reflection- a wave bounces off a surface, law of reflection- angle of incidence=angle of reflection
Refraction- the bending of a wave due the change in speed as it moves from one medium to another
Diffraction- the bending of a wave at a slit or edge of boundary
Electricity
Charges- opposite charges attract, like charges repel + and –
Neutral- having same number of positive and negative charges
Charges bodies attract neutral charges
Coulomb’s Law shows how the force between two charges, like or different, is directly related to
Current is the flow of electrical charge from moving electrons
Insulators, resist the flow of electrons- electrons trapped in place-plastic, wood
Conductors, enable electron flow- metals, for example
Ohm’s Law shows the relationship of current to voltage and resistance
Voltage is potential difference
Resistance is the force that counteracts current
Series Circuits have only one path on which charge may move. If circuit is opened or broken, the current will
not flow.
Parallel Circuits have parallel, therefore, more than one path on which the current may flow. Most homes are
designed with parallel circuits so if one electrical circuit is opened, then current may continue to flow via
another parallel path.