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2nd/4th Quarter CRT study Guide Answer Sheet
9th Grade World History Regular/Honors
Chapter 5
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Divine right—the idea that God created the monarchy and that the monarch answered only to God. Divine right was used to support absolute
rule.
Glorious Revolution—the overthrow of King James II and his replacement by William and Mary.
Constitutional Monarchy—a system of government in which the monarch’s power is limited by law. England is an example—it became a
constitutional monarchy by the late 1600’s.
English Bill of Rights—document which made clear the limits of royal power in England.
Chapter 10
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In the Reform Bill of 1832 eased the property requirements so that wealthy middle class men could vote in English elections. Before the
Reform Bill, only owners of large landholdings could vote. Also, the Reform Bill gave the new industrial cities more representation in
Parliament by redrawing voting districts for seats in Parliament.
The Chartist movement (and the People’s Charter of 1838) pressed for several important changes in the English political system. First, it
called for universal male suffrage. Second, it called for the use of secret ballots. Third, it called for members of Parliament to be paid a
salary, allowing more people to seek elected office.
Queen Victoria was forced to share power with Parliament. The Monarchy lost power.
Women first won the right to vote in New Zealand in 1893. No other country allowed women the right to vote before 1900.
The WSPU was founded by Emmeline Pankhurst in 1903. Women’s fight for suffrage included acts of civil disobedience and hunger
strikes.
The British created penal colonies by sending convicted prisoners from England to Australia. This practice had a two fold purpose: to
relieve over-crowed conditions in English prisons and to establish colonies.
The Great Famine was caused by a plant fungus that destroyed the Irish potato crops between the years 1845 to 1848. The famine caused
millions to leave Ireland and come to the United States.
Protestants opposed Irish home rule out of fear that the Protestants would be subject to the Catholic majority.
The U.S. won and gained a large amount of land west of Texas. In 1853 the U.S. purchased the rest of the Southwest from Mexico in the
Gadsden Purchase.
The main cause of the Civil War was the issue of the right of states to maintain slavery.
Abraham Lincoln promised to stop the spread of slavery and when he was elected in 1860, southern states seceded.
The pace of industrialization increased, industry expanded, people moved west, railroad mileage doubled and tripled, millions if
immigrants flooded into the country to take jobs, and cities grew.
Thomas Edison is credited with more than 1000 patents. Among his important inventions are the light bulb, phonograph, and movie
projectors. Henry Ford revolutionized factory production by introducing the assembly line.
Dominion—a country that was domestically self-governing but part of the British Empire. For example, Canada became a dominion when
it won the right to govern its own domestic affairs.
Alfred Dreyfus – French, Jewish, military officer accused of selling military secrets to Germany. During investigation it was found that he
was innocent, he had only been accused of the crime because he was Jewish.
Pogroms—waves of organized violence against Jews. The Pogroms were fueled by anti-Semitism.
Zionism – the belief that the Jewish people should have a homeland in Palestine.
The Maori – Polynesian people who settled in New Zealand around 800 A.D.
Manifest Destiny – belief that the U.S. had the right and duty to rule North American from the Atlantic to Pacific Oceans. Manifest
Destiny was used to justify westward expansion.
Gadsden Purchase – Agreement between U.S. and Mexico where the U.S. purchased lowed part of what is now Arizona and New Mexico.
The Gadsden Purchase brought the U.S. into its present-day boundaries.
Indian Removal Act – 1839 Act that allowed U.S. government. to evict native Americans from the lands east of the Mississippi River, and
relocate them to the Indian Territory in the West. The Indian Removal Act led to the Trail of Tears.
Trail of Tears – The U.S. government forced Cherokee people to march 800 miles to Indian Territory in Oklahoma.
Emancipation Proclamation – declared all slaves in the Confederate states as free. Lincoln hoped to prevent England from helping the
Confederacy.
13th Amendment – abolished slavery in the U.S.
Guglielmo Marconi – inventor of the radio transmitter.
Captain Cook--explorer who claimed Australia and New Zealand for Great Britain.
Theory of Evolution—scientific theory proposed by Charles Darwin based on natural selection.
Texas Revolution—in 1836, Texas won its independence from Mexico
Chapter 11
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The policy and practice of creating an empire to control raw materials and world markets y the conquest of other countries or the
establishment of colonies.
African leader who managed to maintain his nation’s independence. To prevent fighting of European nations over the division of Africa.
He kept colonial interests out of Ethiopia by exploiting European rivalries and building a modern army.
Mutiny by Indian soldiers employed by the British that resulted in Britain tightening its control over India. Religious beliefs, famine, and
nationalism all played major factors in this mutiny.
As a result of the Spanish American War the U.S. acquired all of the following territories: Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines.
Queen Liliuokalani was the last monarch of Hawaii. White plantation owners from the United States wanted her removed from power
because she wanted to restore the political power of the native Hawaiians.
Plantation owners such as Dole pushed for the annexation of Hawaii so sugar could be sold for higher profits.
Chapter13
1. A. The Triple Alliance was a military alliance between Germany, Italy, and Austria-Hungary that was established
before WWI.
B. The Triple Entente’ was a military alliance that was established between England, France and Russia before the
outbreak of WWI.
C. The Central Powers was a military alliance established at the start of WWI between Austria-Hungary, Germany,
and the Ottoman Empire. Italy refused to join the Central Powers, but the Ottoman Empire did join the Central
Powers.
D. The term Allies refers to England, France, Russia, The United States, and other countries that established a military
alliance to fight the Central Powers during WWI. The Triple Alliance and the Triple Entente were formed because
of Germany’s (led by Otto von Bismarck) desire to isolate France and Britain’s desire to remain dominant.
Bismarck would resign in 1890, and Kaiser Wilhelm II led Germany after this date and during WWI.
2. The Balkan peninsula of Europe.
3. The assassination of the Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife, Sophie at the hands of a 19 year old Serbian
nationalist named Gavrilo Princip. The event took place in the city of Sarajevo on the 28 th day of June 1914.
4. This one event triggered the alliance system that had developed several years before the war. There was much mistrust
between the most powerful European countries. This mistrust was fostered by the emotions and fears caused by
four principal factors nationalism, militarism, imperialism, and the alliance system. (see question #27)
5. A) Nationalism is the love for and pride of one’s nation.. These feelings cause people of a country to become highly
motivated feeling as if they are superior to people of other countries. These highly charged feelings bring the people
of a country closer together and they start to work as a single body united in a common goal, that goal being to
make their country the strongest and most powerful. As a result of their nationalistic feelings and their quest for
superiority, the people and their government, will try to achieve their goal through many activities. The most
common being those that involve economic forces and military forces.
One of the activities that helped fuel the feelings of mistrust was that of C) Imperialism. Major European nations began their imperialistic journeys
around the time of the industrial revolution. They (England, Germany, France, Russia and Japan) developed industrialized economies and with that
came an increase in overseas trade and larger markets for goods they made it home. This increase in demand caused an increase in the demand for
more raw resources to make those goods. This need for more raw materials to meet the increase caused the major industrialized powers of Europe to
look at other parts of the world as a supplier for those needed resources. As a result, they started to exert their power on territories and countries all
over the globe. This in time caused these major economic powers to compete for resource rich areas the world over. They were creating empires
based on economic need. As they competed for more colonies, the level of tension and mistrust went up. They became worried about loosing their
economic empires to their rivals, thus they took measures to protect their interests.
To protect their economic empires, the industrial powers of Europe turned to their militaries. They started to take large portions of their wealth and
putting into the military. As a country gains colonies (imperialism) its military grows to protect these colonies. After a while, all of the industrial
powers had very, very large professional armies and navies. This led to an all out arms race with each country trying to become more powerful than
the others. This military competition, called B)militarism, only added to the level of mistrust.
One of the ways in which they tried to limit their expense was through a series of military and trade alliances. Countries involved in complex D)
military alliances could and would depend on the members of the alliance for mutual support and aid if they were attacked by an enemy. Two
military alliances developed between the major European nations. The two alliances that formed were the Triple Alliance (Germany, Italy, &
Austria-Hungary) and the Triple Entente (England, France, and Russia. All that was now needed was an event to set the military alliance system into
motion that would result in full scale war in Europe. That event took place on June 28, 1914, and WWI followed very shortly.
6. The Central Powers were Germany, Austria-Hungry and The Ottoman Empire
The Allies were England, France, Russia, and later the U.S.
7. Italy withdrew from the Central Powers because it stated that it had joined for defensive purposes and not offensive
reasons. Since Austria-Hungry declared war on Serbia, this action violated its original agreement with the members of
the Triple Alliance.
8. The Schlieffen Plan was the German strategy to attack and defeat France in western Europe first, then fight Russia in
eastern Europe. The 1st Battle of the Marne halted the advance of the German Army just outside of Paris and with it
came the failure of the Schlieffen Plan. Both sides dug trenches and a bloody stalemate evolved.Trench warfare led to
the deaths of millions in Western Europe during WWI.
9. A) The purpose of the trenches was to provide shelter and cover for the soldiers fighting in the European theater of
WWI. B)Life in the trenches was very harsh. It was very cold and wet during the winter and very hot and wet
during the summer. Diseases and other sickness thrived in the trenches. This was in addition to the almost constant
shelling and fighting going on above and in front of the trenches. C) The trenches of the two sides were divided by an
area of earth known to those in the trenches as “no man’s land”. They called it “no man’s land” because no army
owned it and at that particular time no one wanted it. D) The only way one side advanced through and captured “no
man’s land” was to go “over the top”. This meant that soldiers from one side or the other had to climb out of their
trench, “go over the top” and charge (run) across “no man’s land” to the enemy trench and hopefully capture it. During
all charges across “no man’s land”, there would be planes, tanks, poison gas, explosive shells, and massive machine
gun fire directed into the area of “no man’s land”.
10. The purpose of the Gallipoli Campaign was to capture the Ottoman capital of Constantinople, defeat the Ottoman
Turks and secure the Dardanelles Strait to establish a supply line to Russia.
11. Unrestricted submarine warfare was the official policy and tactic used by the German government to attack all Allied
supply ships taking supplies to Allied nations in Europe. The policy was also applied to passenger ships because they
carried cargos of military supplies to Europe) as well as merchant ship. The result of this policy was that it eventually
caused the U.S. abandon its neutrality.
12. The straw that broke the back of U.S. neutrality was a message (A) sent from German Foreign Secretary Arthur
Zimmerman directed to (B) the government of Mexico. (C) The telegram was intercepted by the British and given to
the U.S. (D) In the Zimmerman note, the government of Germany offered to help Mexico recover lands it had lost to
the U.S. if Mexico would attack the U.S. along its border. The Germans also promised the Mexican government arms
and support for the venture.
13. Shortages of food & fuel due to WWI shortages, the return of V.I. Lenin, the overthrow of Czar Nicholas II of Russia.
14. Russia and Germany made peace with each other by signing the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk in March 1918. Russia
returned to normal life as much as possible. It allowed the Germans to focus its forces on the Western front and
possibly prolonged the war. It did not stop the war’s eventual outcome.
15. Women left at home took jobs, left by the men who went to war, in factories that supplied the military war materials.
This in turn led to many cultural and social changes in the U.S., and would win the vote for women as a reward for
their service during the war.
16. The concept of “total war” means that the nation devotes almost all of its resources and entire economic output to the
war effort. There are few, if any, luxuries during a total war. Rationing and propaganda are aspects of a “total war”.
Rationing is limiting consumer purchases in order to be able to supply armies. Propaganda is one-sided information
used by governments to persuade public opinion.
17. An armistice is an agreement to stop fighting. The Central powers and the Allies signed the armistice on November 11, 1918 @ 11:00 AM ending
WWI.
18. Wilson’s plan for a lasting peace was known as the Fourteen Points.
19. The purpose of the League of Nations was to form an association of all the nations of the world with the primary goal
of keeping peace among all nations.The U.S.Senate did not approve U.S. membership to the League because the U.S.
wanted to stay out of European affairs.
20. The Treaty of Versailles affected Germany in several ways. It forbade Germany from manufacturing war materials or
weapons, forbade them from having an air force, forced Germany to pay $33 billion in war reparations to the Allies,
Germany had to surrender all of its overseas colonies, and (Article 231) placed sole responsibility of WWI on
Germany’s shoulders.
21. Most European countries of WWI were nearly bankrupt.
22. Article 231 of the Treaty of Versailles made Germany pay war reparations of $33 billion dollars to the Allies. Article 231 is also known as the
“war guilt clause”.
23. New nations were formed in Europe after WWI because of provisions of peace treaties signed with the Central
Powers.
*Students should be able to interpret graphs & charts based on Ch. 13 (p.422)
Chapter 14
1. Russian Marxist revolutionaries led by Lenin. A totalitarian state is one in which the government controls every aspect
of public and private life.
2. Pogroms were organized violence against Jewish populations and were used to terrorize them and force obedience to
the state.
3. A command economy is where the government makes all economic decisions.
4. The Great Purge was a campaign of terror conducted by Stalin in the Soviet Union to crush all opposition to his
totalitarian rule.
Chapter 15
1. The post-WWI government of Germany was known as the Weimar Republic. It was
not strongly welcomed by the people for several reasons. First, Germany had no
tradition of democratic government. Second, the post-WWI political landscape was a
field full of several major political parties and many minor parties. Third, most Germans blamed the Weimar Republic for the country’s defeat
and the bad economy, even though the Weimar Republic did not exist prior to or during WWI.
2. A & B
The economy of Germany, after WWI, was a shambles. The government had made no
provisions prior to the wars start to pay for it. In other words they did not tax the
people to pay for the war. The government just printed the money it needed to fund
the war. This caused a rise in inflation prior to the war.
C. The Dawes plan provided a means to stabilize the German economy, its currency, and its inflation rate. The plan arranged massive U.S. loans to
Germany (200 Million).
3. The U.S. economy had three major flaws. First, there was an uneven distribution of the countries wealth. Secondly, business and industry over
produced. Finally, most consumers had no extra money to by durable goods or luxury items. Business profits shrank, workers lost their jobs, and the
U.S. economy fell toward general economic depression that blanketed all aspects of the U.S. economy.
4. The most recognizable historic event that signaled the start of the Great Depression occurred on October 29, 1929, Black Tuesday, the day the U.S.
stock market collapsed. T
The Great Depression affected all countries around the globe, but the degree of influence was dependent upon how close another country’s economy
was tied to the U.S.
5. The Great Depression caused people to withdraw their money from banks, banks lost money when the markets collapsed, and people could not
repay their loans. The banks closed their doors because they had no money. Millions lost their savings and went flat broke. Prices of goods decreased.
Since people could not afford to buy most goods, companies laid off workers, and unemployment sky rocketed into the millions. Since businesses
could not make or sale goods, thousands of companies and small businesses had to close their doors, which only added to the numbers of the
unemployed and poor.
6. The New Deal was an economic reform designed to solve the problems created by the Great Depression. B) Large public work projects to
provide jobs.
7. Franklin Roosevelt
8. Fascism is a militant political system that emphasizes loyalty to the state and obedience to its leader. It is usually extremely nationalistic, and
racists. The first fascist dictator of note came to power in Italy in October 1922. His name was Benito Mussolini and his followers called him Il Duce
or the leader. They feared a communist revolution.
9. In Germany the fascist leader of the Nazi Party and the third Reich was a man named Adolph Hitler. The goals of the Nazi party were as follows:
One, undo the Treaty of Versailles. Two, expand the land holdings of the German nation by force because Germany needed living space. Three,
assure the supremacy of the Aryan people or the master race. Four, get rid of people whom the German’s felt were inferior.
10. Mein Kampf/ My struggle
11. Aryans
12. Living space, conquer other countries
13. The Treaty of Versailles left a legacy of bitterness and hatred in the hearts of the German people: War guilt clause, reparation for the war, etc.
14. The U.S. officially practiced an unofficial policy of isolationism, or a belief that the U.S. should stay out of the affairs of the countries of Europe
and the rest of the world. France and England adopted a policy of Appeasement or the idea that it was better to give into an aggressor than to go to
war.
15. Japan invaded Manchuria & China
Italy invaded Ethiopia
Germany took back the Rhineland, forced unity with Austria, took the Sudeten Lands,
and finally invaded Poland which caused the start of WWII.
16. Different-Fascist were nationalist, communist were internationalist.
Similar- Both countries are ruled by dictator, have one political party, denied individual rights, and the state was supreme.
Fascism
Communism
Supported by Middle Class, Industrialist, and the military
Supported by members of the communists party , the
people, and the military
Charismatic authoritarian ruler, State more important than Charismatic authoritarian ruler, backed by strong party
the individual, All are action oriented.
supporters
The people are nationalistic, can be racist, usually one
Can be nationalistic, censorship, indoctrinate all
party rule, and one supreme leader. They practice
censorship, indoctrinate all followers, and use secret
police to hold power. Limited freedom
Economy is controlled by the State through State
controlled corporations.
followers, controls opposition through secret police,
limited freedom
State owned and control of all businesses and economic
activities.
17. Soviet Union and Germany, it allows the Axis powers to go unchecked.
18. Stock sold for more than they were worth.
19. Inflation, lack of democratic tradition, and a large number of political parties, they had signed the Treaty of Versailles.
20. To address the problems of Germany threat to Czechoslovakia
21. Axis power: Japan, Germany, Italy. Allies: Great Britain, France, United States, Soviet Union
22. The economic crisis brought on by the Depression
23. He represented Britain and he warned that the policy of appeasement was a disaster.
24. It was ruled by militarists who kept the emperor in power.
Chapter 16
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The nonaggression pact allowed the Axis Powers to continue unchecked by other countries.
Germany signed the Treaty of Versailles which placed the blame of World War I and forced Germany to pay reparations.
Communism
The making of concessions to an aggressive nation in order to prevent and avoid war.
The policy allowed Hitler to annex the Sudetenland of Czechoslovakia in 1938. The Munich Conference came to symbolize the dangers of
appeasement.
6. The prime minister of Great Britain.
7. A military strategy of the Nazis that depended on the advantage of surprise and overwhelming force.
8. Leader of the French government–in-exile and the Free French.
9. The German invasion of Poland.
10. Japan was different from its allies Germany and Italy in the sense that it was ruled by militarists who kept the emperor in power.
11. The Atlantic Charter upheld rights of free trade and choice of government and it became the plan for postwar peace.
12. A policy of avoiding political or military involvement with other countries.
13. Act passed by congress in 1941 that allowed the President to lend or lease arms and other supplies to any country vital to the U.S.
14. Thousands of Japanese Americans were interned in relocation camps due to their ancestry. They were falsely labeled as enemies.
15. The turning point in the war in the Pacific against the Japanese.
16. The Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor.
17. Mastermind the Japanese naval strategy during WWII
18. General Douglas Mc Arthur plan to seize Japanese islands that were least heavily defended.
19. Japan was over crowed and faced shortages of raw material.
20. Battle of Britain showed that the Germans advance could be blocked aided by the use of radar, enigma, and British morale.
21. Radar, enigma, and morale
22. He was Supreme Commander in charge of the military forces in the Pacific. He mastermind the “island-hopping” strategy.
23. Where the Japanese forced, beat, and killed the Allied prisoners of war to walk fifty miles to the Japanese prisoner of war camp.
24. Cut oil supplies to Japan
25. British General who won the Battle of El Alamein and was known as the Desert Fox.
26. Soviet Union
27. He urge Churchill and Roosevelt to invade France.
28. The allied invasion of France in which over one million soldiers established a major beach head and eventually recaptured France from
Germany.
29. He was the supreme commander of the Western Allied forces in Europe.
30. Nazis
31. Russian troops were able to hold off and defeat the Germans Sixth Army, considered the best of the German troops, because of the Russian
winter and the morale of the Russian troops. Ninety-eight percent of the city was left in ruins.
32. Kamikazes were Japanese suicide pilots. The main targets of the kamikazes were
Allied ships. The use of kamikaze pilots showed Japanese culture valued national honor more than individual life.
33. Anti-Semitism is defined as the hatred of Jews
34. Aryans were the people Hitler considered to be the “master race”.
35. Anti-Semitism was part of Nazi ideology.
36. The “Final Solution” was the genocide of people the Nazis considered inferior.
37. Holocaust is the term for the genocide that resulted from the plan called the “Final
Solution”.
38. Auschwitz was a famous Nazi extermination camp.
39. The Battle of the Bulge was the final German offensive of WWII.
40. Nagasaki and Hiroshima were the two Japanese cites where the atomic bombs were
dropped.
41. President Truman agreed to use the atomic bomb in order to bring the war to the
quickest possible end.
42. At the Yalta Conference following WWII, the Allies agreed to establish the United
Nations.
43. Many people were displaced after WWII because of the following: border changes
caused people to find themselves in the wrong country, POW’s tried to return to their
homeland, and Holocaust survivors searched for missing loved ones.