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Under each heading explain how/why each animal’s adaptations/ mechanisms assist it with gas exchange. INSECTS Internal tubule system Protects the gas exchange system Can be sealed in wet or dry environments Has air sacs as a reserve of air when spiracles are sealed Supported by rings of chitin to keep structures supported FISH Internal membrane system Gills continuously bathed in water keeping filaments separated and allow gas exchange to be most efficient Water supports the gas exchange system, if exposed to air, the structures can collapse and stick together Provides large surface area needed for diffusion to be most efficient MAMMALS Internal tubule system Protects the gas exchange system Keeps lungs moist preventing from drying out Allows a wide range of habitats e.g. land and water Provides large surface area for diffusion to be most efficient Haemolymph Bathes cells and the ends of tracheoles and moves freely in open circulatory system Dissolves gases for diffusion Blood and blood vessels Blood distributes oxygen around body cells (via haemoglobin) and collects carbon dioxide from cells to return to the gills Blood is contained within a closed circulatory system Diffusion occurs in very thin walled blood vessels (capillaries) Blood and blood vessels Blood distributes oxygen around body cells (via haemoglobin) and collects carbon dioxide from cells to return to the lungs Blood is contained within a closed circulatory system Diffusion occurs in very thin walled blood vessels (capillaries) Breathe air with 21% oxygen High concentration of oxygen, diffusion occurs down concentration gradient Ventilate water with 3% dissolved oxygen Uses counter-current exchange where the blood and water move towards each other. Breathe air with 21% oxygen High concentration of oxygen, diffusion occurs down concentration gradient Ventilate the GE system by Body movement (segments) moves air inside trachea Air sacs for storage of air Spiracles can be sealed in some insects Ventilate the GE system by Need to be in water at all times so gills are supported and filaments separated Use of buccal cavity to increase pressure to volume of water moving over gills. Ventilate the GE system by Lungs allow storage of air so mammals are able to live in a variety of habitats Breathing – mechanical motion of inflating and deflating lungs through use of the diaphragm, intercostal muscles and ribs. Land dwelling Can live in a variety of habitats due to diffusion of air into tracheal system. Spiracles can be sealed to exclude moisture loss in dry environments. Aquatic dwelling Utilise fully the small percentage of dissolved oxygen in water due to counter current flow Land and aquatic dwelling Lungs allow a huge variety of habitats Small mammals in damp or dry habitats Whales, dolphins etc in aquatic environment Energy requirements are low Energy requirements are moderate Energy requirements are high Diffusion occurs without energy needed, although some muscle movement needed for moving air throughout GE system Ventilation requires continual movement of the mouth buccal cavity. closed transport system (heart) Breathing requires a lot of energy Closed transport system (heart) No temperature maintenance. Cold blooded (less energy needed) Warm blooded animals also require a lot of energy to maintain this temperature. Small sized Moderate size Variety of sizes Due to diffusion of gases, limitation of size – air needs to make into the depths of the insect. Size related to energy requirements and limitation of efficiency of diffusion. Relatively low energy animal so oxygen demand is only moderate. Closed circulation system with respiratory pigment molecules aids transport of oxygen to cells and blood aids removal of CO2. Energy demand varies greatly according to animal. Size varies greatly (dependent on energy requirements). Lung system size is in relation to energy requirements and size of animal.