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APRE Summary Program name: Coho- Integrated Subbasin: Wenatchee ESA status: Not listed and not a candidate for listing Operator: Yakama Nation Co-operators Role Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife Co-Project Manager Bonneville Power Administration Primary Funding Source/Technical Work Group Member Confederated Tribes of the Colville Reservation Technical Work Group Member National Marine Fisheries Service ESA Policy/Technical Work Group Member Northwest Power Planning Council Fish & Wildlife Program-Regional Policy/Technical Work Group Member U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service ESA/Leavenworth Hatchery Complex Manager/Technical Work Group Member U.S. Forest Service Owner-Manager of Remote Facilities Lands/Technical Work Group Member Funding Source(s) Bonneville Power Administration Annual Operating Cost* $ 802,000 *Annual Operating Cost is reflected in dollars. The origin of this value is not consistent among programs, as it may reflect total facility costs or multiple programs for a given species. The purpose of this program is to contribute to: Harvest, Conservation/recovery and Research and/or education, as mitigation for: Hydro impacts. This is an integrated program. Program description: Location Age Class Maximum Number Size (fpp) Release Date Stream Release Point (RKm) Major Ecoprovince Watershed Eggs Unfed Fry Fry Fingerling Yearling 1,000,000 19.2-19.5 April 15-May 30 Nason Creek Butcher Creek acclimation site, RKm 13.2 Nason Creek Early Pond acclimation site, RKm 13.7 Nason Creek Whitepine acclimation site, RKm 18.0 Beaver Creek Beaver Creek acclimation site, RKm 0.81 Icicle Creek Leavenworth NFH, Dam 5, RKm 4.5 Little Wenatchee R. Two Rivers, RKm 0.81 Wenatchee R Brender, RKm 3.2 Chumstick Creek Uncertain [possible direct stream release] Nason Creek Mahar Pond, RKm 21.2 Nason Creek Couler Pond, RKm 12.1 Wenatchee Columbia Cascade Comment: PROGRAM PLAN: Adult coho are captured and collected at the Leavenworth NFH, Dryden Dam, and Tumwater Dam trapping facilities and transported to the Entiat NFH for holding and maturation. Spawning and incubation to eyed-egg take place at the Entiat NFH, Leavenworth NFH, and Peshastin facilities. Eggs are and then transferred to the Cascade Hatchery (ODFW) and Willard NFH (USFWS) located in the Columbia River Gorge, where they are hatched and reared, and then transported to the Wenatchee Subbasin for final rearing, smolt acclimation, and release. Pre-smolts are reared and acclimated in semi-natural ponds or river side channels at the sites indicated in the table above. Smolts are volitionally released from the acclimation sites at ~19.2-19.5 fpp during the period of April 15May 30. Broodstock source Adult Coho Returns Collected at Tumwater Dam, Dryden Dam, and Leavenworth National Fish Hatchery Broodstock collection location Dryden Dam/Wenatchee River/RKm 25.8/Wenatchee; Tumwater Dam/Wenatchee (stream, RKm, subbasin) River/RKm 52.0/Wenatchee; Leavenworth NFH/Icicle Creek/RKm 4.3/Wenatchee Adult holding location (stream, Entiat National Fish Hatchery/Entiat River/RKm 11.2/Entiat RKm, subbasin) Spawning location (stream, Entiat National Fish Hatchery/Entiat River/RKm 11.2/Entiat RKm, subbasin) Incubation location (facility Green Egg-Eyed Egg Phase: Leavenworth NFH/Icicle Creek/RKm 4.3/Wenatchee; name, stream, RKm, subbasin) Peshastin Incubation Facility/Peshastin Creek/RKm ?/Wenatchee; Entiat National Fish Hatchery/Entiat River/RKm 11.2/Entiat Eyed Egg-Emergent Phase: Cascade Hatchery (ODFW)/Columbia River (Off-River)/RKm/Columbia Gorge; Willard National Fish Hatchery/Columbia River (Off-River)/RKm/Columbia Gorge Rearing location (facility name, Cascade Hatchery (ODFW)/Columbia River (Off-River)/RKm/Columbia Gorge; Willard stream, RKm, subbasin) National Fish Hatchery/Columbia River (Off-River)/RKm/Columbia Gorge Comment: Because coho salmon have been extirpated in the Wenatchee and Methow basins, the research into the feasibility of reintroducing the species relies on development of a coho broodstock from lower Columbia River populations. No wild stock from the mid-Columbia exists to use, and wild stocks from other areas such as British Columbia currently are unavailable. The domesticated Lower Columbia River stock (which originated from the Toutle River stock, with recent infusions of Sandy River stock) is being used as initial broodstock. These fish would came as smolts from Willard or Cascade hatcheries. In 2000, 700,000 smolts came from Cascade and 400,000 from Eagle Creek, but Eagle Creek is no longer used as a source. The numbers from each hatchery are negotiated annually, but the fish are from essentially the same stock regardless of which of the three lower river hatcheries they come from. Beginning in 1999, adult coho returning to the mid-Columbia from earlier releases in the Methow basin were collected at Wells Dam and Winthrop NFH for use as broodstock. Other collection points were added in later years (see section 1.5). Broodstock collection goals are developed annually. As adult returns increase, the project will rely less on the Lower Columbia River stock. To maximize the potential for genetic variability and naturalization of the returning population, the project would initially use most of the returning coho for broodstock, collected throughout the run. Hatchery fish that return to the mid-Columbia will have gone through a substantial selection process to survive the long migration and the variety of obstacles they encounter in the journey, which is expected to enhance the trend toward local adaptation. Ideally, adults collected at Wells Dam would be used to develop a Methow basin broodstock, and adults collected at Dryden or Tumwater dams would be used to develop a Wenatchee basin broodstock. However, the number of adults returning is likely to constrain the program from meeting the ideal for much longer than the scope of this plan. For this period, in general, Wenatchee returns are incubated at Entiat NFH and then at lower river hatcheries and returned to the Wenatchee for acclimation. Methow returns are spawned and reared at Winthrop NFH, to the extent of their capacity. The localized stocks are supplemented with progeny of lower Columbia River hatchery stocks if necessary to meet production numbers. Release guidelines are specified in section 10.4. Broodstock Source Origin Willard NFH Type S Coho Year(s) Used Begin H End U Cascade Hatchery (ODFW) Type S Coho H 2000 U Eagle Creek NFH Type S Coho 2000 2000 H Status and goals for target stock: = Low = Medium Now Biological Significance = High 10-15 years 30-50 years Viability Habitat Hatchery program performance indicators for the target stock: Natural Escapement (Natural) Spawning and Escapement (#s of fish) 1400 Natural Escapement (Hatchery) Hatchery Spawning (Natural) 1200 Hatchery Spawning (Hatchery) 1000 800 600 400 200 20 01 19 99 19 97 19 95 19 93 19 91 19 89 0 Return Year Recruits per Spawner Smolt-to-Adult Survival Escapement and Hatchery Spawning Total Catch Consistency of hatchery program with the goals for the target stock: The goal for this stock is its reintroduction into the Wenatchee subbasin. The strategy to use an integrated hatchery program as part of the strategy for the reintroduction is consistent with this goal. The program is still in a transition stage. Insufficient numbers of naturally produced returns are available to conduct a fully integrated program, but a plan is in place that intends to achieve a locally adapted stock over time. Guidelines for improving key operational elements to increase the likelihood of meeting goals for the target stock: Incubation Hatchery intake screening for the incubation water supply should comply with Integrated Hatchery Operations Team (IHOT) and National Marine Fisheries Service facility standards. IHOT species-specific incubation recommendations should be followed for using substrate. Rearing Rearing water should have a chemical profile significantly different from natural stream conditions to provide adequate imprinting of hatchery fish and minimize the attraction of naturally produced fish into the hatchery. The water used for rearing should meet or exceed the recommended Integrated Hatchery Operations Team (IHOT) water quality standards for the following compounds: ammonia, carbon dioxide, chlorine, pH, copper, dissolved oxygen, hydrogen sulfide, dissolved nitrogen, iron, and zinc. Juvenile rearing density and loading guidelines used at the facility should be based on life-stage specific survival studies conducted on-site. The water used for rearing should provide natural water temperature profiles that result in fish similar in size to naturally produced fish of the same species. The program should use a diet and growth regime that mimics natural seasonal growth patterns. Release Fish should be released at an optimum time and size that has been determined by a site-specific survival study. Fish should be released at sizes and life history stages similar to those of natural fish of the same species. These recommendations represent an opportunity to improve key operational elements for this type of program. Detailed information on the benefits and risks of all operational phases as they affect the outcome of this program are available in APRE Report for Coho- Integrated in the Wenatchee Consistency of hatchery program with goals for other stocks: Hatchery fish may affect other stocks in several ways. Naturally spawning populations may be subject to genetic interactions through interbreeding. Ecological interactions through predation and competition may occur between the hatchery population and other populations, and natural populations may be incidentally harvested in fisheries targeting a more abundant hatchery stock. Abundant hatchery stocks may also mask the status of natural populations. Conversely an increase in the number of artificially produced fish may improve the ecological function of a watershed through their contribution of marine derived nutrients. A number of factors are known to affect the likelihood and severity of such interactions, among them the abundance of the hatchery population relative to other populations; the time, size and life stage at which hatchery fish are released; and the quantity and quality of habitat available to the co-mingled stocks. The table below lists the current status of some of the populations in the subbasin where the hatchery fish are released that might be vulnerable to these interactions. Stock Name Spring Chinook (Chiwawa R.) Spring Chinook-Hatchery Spring Chinook (White River) Summer Chinook Sockeye Summer Steelhead ESA Listing Endangered Not listed and not a candidate for listing Endangered Not listed and not a candidate for listing Not listed and not a candidate for listing Endangered Viability M M Biological Significance H M L M H H M H L H Additional reviewer comments: The program fish are marked at a 100% rate allowing the composition of hatchery and natural population components to be monitored. Manager/operator response: Depending on project needs, Methow river coho reared at Winthrop National FH may be released in the Wenatchee Basin in addition to Wenatchee Basin coho and Lower Columbia River stocks. Note: the Peshastin Incubation Facility is not located on Peshastin Creek. The table of coho release sites is missing two release sites on Nason Creek, Mahar Pond @ RKM 21.2 , and Coulter Pond @ RKM 12.1 Some comments under the section ‘Consistency of hatchery program with goals for other stocks’ are not applicable to the mid-Columbia coho reintroduction program. Currently there is no naturally spawning population to be subject to genetic interactions through inbreeding with hatchery fish. When a naturally spawning population is established it will be the direct result of hatchery fish spawning in the natural environment. Interactions with listed species (spring chinook and steelhead) are being intensively studied and monitored in this program. The program is designed to reduce interactions with listed species. Two stocks of ESA listed spring chinook are identified in this section; Chiwawa River and White River spring chinook are not separately listed stocks, they are both part of the Upper Columbia River spring chinook ESU. The coho reintroduction program has little to no interaction with Chiwawa River and White River spring chinook as no coho are released in the Chiwawa or White Rivers. Data on SARs, escapement, and hatchery spawning have been included in the ‘Hatchery program performance indicators for the target stock’ table.