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Federal Concerns Regarding Hatchery Steelhead Spawning in the Wild NOAA Fisheries Salmon Recovery Division NOAA Fisheries Richard Turner Fisheries Biologist Hatcheries and Inland Fisheries Branch (Lower Columbia River ESUs) Jurisdictions under the ESA • NOAA Fisheries (formally know as NMFS) - jurisdiction over species that spend most of their life in the ocean. • U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service - species that spend most of their life on land or in freshwater. NOAA Fisheries’ Integrated Mission • • • • ESA Treaty Trust Responsibility Recreational Fishing Policy Magnuson-Stevens Act Tribal Trust Responsibilities • Arise from Indian Treaties • Reconcile trust responsibilities with statutory law • Treaty rights not abrogated by ESA • Federal Government cannot place excessive conservation burden on Tribes to avoid ESA jeopardy NOAA Fisheries/USFWS Policy on ESA and Recreational Fisheries • Purpose: meet conservation needs of species listed under the ESA while providing for the continuation and enhancement of recreational fisheries. • This policy does not diminish or abrogate the responsibility for the conservation of listed species. Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation & Management Act • Promote commercial & recreational fishing under sound conservation and management principles. • Foster and maintain the diversity of fisheries in the US. Hatchery Programs • • • • • NOAA Fisheries Review Provide Guidance Purpose of Program Consideration of Subbasin Plans Recovery Planning Process Artificial Propagation Benefits Reduce Harm Conservation X Preserve Recovery Options X Integrated Harvest X X Segregated Harvest X Improve Viability X Segregated Hatchery Programs • Primary purpose is to provide harvest opportunities. • Programs can use local or non-local steelhead for broodstock. • Hatchery steelhead are marked to allow for harvest. Segregated Hatchery Programs Concerns • Genetic Introgression of Hatchery steelhead • Juvenile Interactions • Straying • Harvest Impacts Segregated Hatchery Programs • Genetic Introgression of Hatchery steelhead – Hatchery steelhead spawning naturally – Overlap temporally with natural population – Overlap spatially with natural population Segregated Hatchery Programs • Juvenile Interactions – Earlier spawning times – Juvenile size advantage – Competition – Predation Segregated Hatchery Programs • Hatchery steelhead straying – Straying into other basins – Accounting for all returns – Recycling hatchery steelhead Segregated Hatchery Programs • Harvest Impacts – Mixed stock fisheries – Catch and release mortality – Encounter rates Segregated Hatchery Programs • Evaluation of Hatchery Programs – Contribution to Fisheries – Escapement to natural spawning areas • Proportion hatchery steelhead on spawning grounds • Timing and spatial distribution of hatchery steelhead spawning • Natural production of hatchery steelhead – Straying into other basins – Accounting Segregated Hatchery Programs • Metrics used in evaluation – Proportion of hatchery steelhead on the spawning grounds – Harvest – meeting program objectives – Incidental impacts – Stray Rate – Success in spawning – Interactions with endemic steelhead Addressing Concerns • Genetic Introgression of Hatchery steelhead • Juvenile Interactions • Straying • Harvest Impacts Mainstem Releases Sandy Hatchery Releases Relea se Big Creek Clackamas Year Winter Sthd Spring Chin 1998 106,000 360,000 38,000 285,000 50,000 38,000 877,000 1999 143,000 369,000 38,000 700,000 40,000 35,000 1,325,000 2000 104,000 455,000 38,000 831,000 41,000 37,000 1,506,000 40,000 Summer Sthd Coho 2001 284,000 719,000 2002 168,000 2003 160,000 2004 Big Creek Clackamas Winter Sthd Spring Chin Summer Sthd Sandy Late Sandy Winter Sthd Spring Chin Totals 150,000 60,000 119,000 1,372,000 862,000 290,000 80,000 290,000 1,690,000 700,000 300,000 75,000 160,000 1,395,000 75,000 160,000 700,000 300,000 1,235,000 Marmot Summer Steelhead 5000 4500 4000 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 19 90 19 91 19 92 19 93 19 94 19 95 19 96 19 97 19 98 19 99 20 00 20 01 20 02 20 03 Adults 3500