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ALL THE PEOPLE: 1945—1999 BOOK 10, A HISTORY OF US 1. Who became President upon the 1945 death of Franklin D. Roosevelt? [9] _____________________________________________ 2. What new international organization set up its headquarters in New York City in 1946, in part as a result of a gift from John D. Rockefeller, Jr.? [16] ________________ 3. In 1947, this Brooklyn Dodger broke the major league color barrier. [18-22] ________________________________________ 4. Who ruled Russia from the late 1920s through his death in 1953? [24-25] _________________________________ 5. In his famous 1946 speech at Westminster College in Fulton, Missouri, he warned that an Iron Curtain had descended across Europe. [27] ____________________________________ 6—8. Name three Eastern European countries that the Soviets controlled after World War II. [28] ___________________________; ____________________________; _________________ 9. Which Eastern European nation rose up in rebellion against Soviet domination in 1956? [29] ________________________ 10. $400 million of aid to Greece and Turkey provided the backdrop for this broad American enunciation of a policy of steadfast opposition to communism – it promised support to “free peoples resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or outside pressures.” [29] ___________________________________ 11. In 1961, the Soviets built a concrete wall in the middle of which divided German city? [29] __________________ 12. Introduced in a speech by the secretary of state at Harvard, it promised economic aid to European nations in the immediate post-war era. [30] _______________________ 13. Which World War II general was sent to Japan as the head of the occupying army that would remain there until 1952? [32] _____________________________________ 14. What party was formed by those post-World War II Democrats opposed to Harry Truman’s push for civil rights? [36] ____________________________ 15. By giving World War II veterans free college education and subsidized mortgages, this federal legislation helped to create a vastly expanded post-1945 middle class. [37] ___________________________ 16. He was chief of the FBI for some ___________________________________________ fifty years. [40] 17. If Franklin Roosevelt talked of the New Deal, Harry Truman used this tem to refer to his own liberal reform agenda. [40] ____________________________ 18—19. A former State Department official and diplomat, he was convicted during the Red Scare of perjury and sentenced to jail in 1950. [41] ________________________ What anticommunist congressman first made a national name for himself as a result of this case? [41] ____________________________________ 20. Convicted in 1951 of selling atomic secrets to the Soviets, they were executed by electrocution. [41] ________________________________________ 21—24. The previously-unified Korea was divided along which parallel at the end of World War II? [43] ______________ Which Russian-educated communist became leader of North Korea? [43] __________________________ Which American-educated authoritarian became leader of South Korea? [43] __________________________ When American forces pushed back the invading North Korean forces and took the fighting into the North itself, which nation entered the war? [43] ________________________ 25. The commander of the American forces during the Korean War, he would ultimately be fired by Truman for insubordination. [43] ______________________________ 26. In 1949, the United States and ten European nations formed which military alliance to protect Western Europe from possible __________________________________________ Soviet attack? [43] 27. In a speech at Wheeling, West Virginia in 1950, who held up a piece of paper claiming that it contained the names of 205 Communists who worked in the U.S. State Department? [44] ___________________________________ 28. The Congressional committee responsible for investigating possible subversion in the 1950s, it identified the movie industry as one particular hotbed of communism. [45] ______________________________________ 29. The vaccine developed by Dr. Jonas Salk in the 1950s virtually eliminated which debilitating disease? [49] __________________ 30. Supreme Allied Commander in Europe during World War II, he served as Republican President from 1952-1960. [50] _______________________________________ 31. How many Americans died in the Korean War? [51] _______________ 32. Who became leader of the Soviet Union after the death of Stalin in 1953? [51] ___________________________________________ 33. From 1956 to 1958 he made 14 consecutive million-selling records and is credited with bringing rock-and-roll into the mainstream of American popular culture. [52] ________________________________________ 34. Bringing mass-production techniques to the construction industry, this post-war developer broke down the building of a house into 27 separate steps and thus helped to spur massive growth of suburbia in the 1950s. [55] ________________________ 35. American consumption of which resource rose from 5.8 million barrels a day in 1949 to 16.4 million barrels a day by 1979? [56] _______________ 36. A Bing Crosby movie provided the inspiration for the name of which Memphis-based chain founded by house builder Kemmons Wilson? [57] ____________________ 37. Founded by two brothers based in San Bernardino, California, it was transformed by Ray Kroc into an enormously successful franchise empire. [57-58] ___________________________________ 38. The name given by the French to their Southeast Asian colony, it comprised Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia. [60] ____________________ 39—40. A nationalist and communist, he became leader of Vietnam’s independence struggle against the French. [61] ________________________ What was the name adopted by his forces? [61] ___________________________ 41. What nation had been the dominant influence on Vietnam throughout its long history? [62] ______________________ 42. President Eisenhower compared the possible impact of Vietnam going Communist to the first in a row of these falling. [63] ___________________ 43. Defeated at this mountain outpost in 1954 after the Vietnamese transferred weapons through the jungle by bicycle, the French pulled out of Vietnam. _________________________________ [63] 44. “No State shall . . . abridge the privileges . . . of citizens of the United States. . . ; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws” are words associated with which Civil War era amendment? [64] ___________________ 45. They were not granted citizenship until 1924. [66] ________________________ 46—50. Which 1954 civil rights case involving a Topeka, Kansas student is typically seen as overturning the 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson decision? [68-70] _________________________________ What was the civil rights organization that spearheaded the legal challenge that led to the case? [69] _________________________ Who was the lead civil rights lawyer who worked on the case? [70] ________________________________ The law school that educated not only this lead lawyer but also so many others who became involved in civil rights law. [69] _____________________ Who was the chief justice of the Supreme Court at the time the decision was rendered? [71] _______________________________ 27. What famous 1969 Supreme Court decision supported the right of a student to wear a black armband to protest American involvement in Vietnam – free speech, the justices argued, could not be blocked at the entrance to the school house? [71] _______________________________________________________ 28. Schools in which Virginia county were closed down for five years as a white protest against court-ordered integration? [72] ________________________________ 29. Which nineteenth-century American writer, the author of Civil Disobedience, profoundly influenced Martin Luther King, Jr.’s political and moral philosophy? [76] ____________________________________ 30. Secretary of the Montgomery, Alabama chapter of the NAACP, her refusal to surrender her bus seat to a white passenger as custom and law dictated in December 1955 sparked one of the most famous boycotts in American history. [78] _____________________________________ 31. Who was the 26-year-old minister vaulted to international fame by the Montgomery Bus Boycott? [81] ______________________________________ 32. How did the Montgomery Bus Boycott end? [82] _______________________ ____________________________ 57—60. Which Southern city’s Central High School became the scene for a famous civil rights struggle in 1957? [83] __________________________ What was the collective name given to the students who first integrated Central High? [84] _______________________________ Who was governor of Arkansas at the time? [84] _______________________ How did President Eisenhower respond when the governor sent in the National Guard to keep the black students out of Central High? [85-86] _________________________________________________________ 61. John F. Kennedy founded this government agency to recruit volunteers for two-yearservice missions in various developing nations. [89-90] ____________________ 62. In Silent Spring (1962), she attacked the chemical and food-processing industries for their reckless promotion of the use of pesticides, particularly DDT. [90-91] ____________________________________________ 63. Who came to power in Cuba in 1959 after leading a revolution in that island nation? [93] ____________________________________________ 64. Established in 1947, it serves as America’s foreign intelligence-gathering organization. [93] ________________________________________ 65. This 1961 American-backed invasion of Cuba failed miserably. [93] ___________________________________ 66. Photographic evidence from American U-2 spy plane flights over Cuba was used by President Kennedy as justification for the steps he took during which tense 1962 13day showdown between the Soviet Union and the United States? [94] _______________________________________ 67. In 1963, the United States, the Soviet Union, and Britain signed which treaty, which banned atmospheric atomic tests amongst the signatories? [96] ___________________________________________ 68. How many American “advisers” were in Vietnam by 1963, the year of Kennedy’s assassination? [96] ___________________ 69. The commissioner of public safety in Birmingham, Alabama, he became during the early 1960s one of the civil rights movement’s most vociferous opponents. [97] _________________________________ 70. This civil rights organization, headed by Martin Luther King, Jr., was very closely associated with Southern black churches – most of its leaders were ministers. [101] ______________________________________________ 71. Known popularly as SNICK, this civil rights organization depended upon the idealism and energy of the young, and many of its members criticized the more established organizations as gradualist and hypocritical. [101] ________________ ___________________________ 72—73. One of the main organizers of the 1963 March on Washington, which long-time activist and former head of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters served as a symbolic and practical link between generations ____________________________________ of struggle? [102] What speech is most closely associated with this event? [103-104] ______________________________________________ 74. Three civil rights activists – James Chaney, Michael Schwerner, and Andrew Goodman – were lynched in the early summer of 1964 on the eve a major project designed to spur racial reform in which southern state? [103] ___________________ 75. John F. Kennedy used which term to refer to a domestic agenda that would push beyond the accomplishments of Roosevelt’s _____________________________________ New Deal? [105] 76. The name Lyndon Johnson gave to his legislative vision, with emphasis upon health care, education, and job training. [113] ________________________________ 77. On January 8, 1964, President Johnson declared war on what? [115] ____________ 78. Which Johnson-supported measure provided federal funding to help prepare children for kindergarten? [118] _____________________________________ 79—80. The two most important health-care initiatives of the Johnson Presidency, the first provided assistance to help the elderly pay their medical expenses; the latter provided similar financial relief for the poor. [118] ______________________; _________________________________ 81. A bill signed by President Johnson at the Statue of Liberty opened up this to a much more representative cross-section of the world’s population. [118] _________________________________________ 82. A leader of the Nation of Islam, or Black Muslims, he broke with the group shortly after his trip to Mecca. [123] ____________________________ 83—85. The killing of Jimmy Lee Jackson by an Alabama state trooper provided the immediate impetus for the famous civil rights march from which town to the state capital 58 miles away in Montgomery? [124] ________________________ Who was the Alabama governor at the time? [124] ______________________________ What is the name typically given to the March 7, 1965 showdown between police authorities and peaceful marchers at the Edmund Pettus Bridge as demonstrators first attempted to march towards the capital? [125] _____________ 86. An incident involving an American intelligence mission in which gulf off the coast of North Vietnam led to a resolution that gave the President expanded powers to wage military action? [130] _____________________________ 87. What was the jellied-gasoline explosive that was used by American forces in Vietnam? [132] _____________________________ 88. Founder of the Catholic Worker, this elderly activist went to jail for her opposition to American involvement in Vietnam. [132] ___________________________ 89. Riots in which section of Los Angeles in 1965 lasted six days and left 34 people dead? [134] ___________________ 90. What federal commission appointed in the aftermath of the mid-1960s race riots concluded that the United States was in the process of “moving toward two societies, one black, one white – separate and unequal?” [134] _________________________ 91. Who became the first black justice ever appointed to the Supreme Court? [135] ___________________________________________ 92-93. Members of Charlie Company massacred some 350 Vietnamese at this village in March 1968. [136] _________________________ The lieutenant who took the blame for the incident, he was court-martialed and sentenced to life in prison at hard labor but was pardoned __________________________________ by President Nixon. [136] 94. Whose 1963 bestseller Feminine Mystique openly questioned the idea that suburban housewifery was the best that women could aspire to? [138] _____________________________________ 95. In 1966, 30 women banded together to found which feminist organization? [140] _____________________________________ 96. Which former party operative for the 1964 Presidential candidacy of Republican Barry Goldwater became national leader of the “Stop the Equal Rights Amendment” movement? [142] ___________________________________ 97. What 1973 Supreme Court decision ruled that a woman, in consultation with her doctor, could choose to have an abortion? [143] ________________________ 98. The number of blacks who moved from the South to the North between 1910 and 1970. [145] ____________________ 99. The 1955 lynching of this 14-year-old who was visiting Mississippi from Chicago became a defining event for an entire generation of Southern African-Americans. [145] _____________________________ 100. The leader of the Farm Workers Association, he organized California migrant grapegrowers to push for their rights. [149-52] _____________________________ 101. Native Americans seized which abandoned federal prison and held it for a year and a half, offering to pay for it with $24 in beads and cloth, the price paid for Manhattan Island three hundred years earlier? [156] ______________________________ 102. Who was assassinated April 4, 1968, at the Lorraine Motel in Memphis? [159] ___________________________________________ 103—104. Gold- and bronze-medal winners respectively in the 200-meter sprint at the 1968 Mexico City Olympics, they raised their fists in the Black Power salute on the victory podium and were stripped of their medals. [164] ________________________________; ____________________________________ 105. Who was assassinated on June 5, 1968 in Los Angeles on the eve of his victory in the Democratic primary in California? [164] __________________________ 106. Four students at which midwestern university were killed in May 1970 when National Guardsmen opened fire on a group of anti-Vietnam protestors? [166] _________________________________ 107. Born Robert Allen Zimmerman, which Minnesotan helped to bridge the gap separating folk and rock music? [167] _____________________________ 108. The North Vietnamese and Viet Cong launched a major offensive in early 1968 timed to coincide with which Vietnamese holiday? [170] ________________ 109. The ratification of the 26th Amendment in 1971 extended the vote to which group? [172] ______________________ 110. Despite his credentials as a staunch anticommunist, Richard Nixon visited which Asian nation in 1972 and began the process of opening diplomatic relations with it? [173] _________________ 111. The political scandal that ultimately brought down the Nixon Presidency, it got is name from the fancy Washington hotel that housed the burglarized Democratic Party headquarters. [174-75] _______________________ 112—113. Who were the two young Washington Post reporters vaulted to celebrity status for their dogged pursuit of the story? [174] ____________________________; _________________________________ 114. Nixon’s Vice President, he resigned after admitting to filing a fraudulent tax return and to receiving kickbacks whilst governor of Maryland. [175] _______________________________________ 115. What was the American agency set up in large measure to best the Soviets in the race to explore space? [176-77] _________________________________________ 116. “One small step for man, one giant leap for mankind” were whose words on becoming the firs human to set foot on the Moon in July 1969? [177] ____________________________________________ 117. A peanut farmer and one-term governor of Georgia, he replaced Gerald Ford as President in 1976 in a campaign emphasizing truth-telling and his own outsider status. [180] _______________________________________ 118—119. Revolutionaries in which Middle Eastern nation seized American embassy staff in 1978 and held them hostage 444 days? [181] ________________ Who was the fundamentalist Islamic ruler who replaced to Shah as head of this country? ____________________________________ [181] 120—122. In 1978, which three world leaders met together at the Presidential retreat in Camp David, Maryland, and worked to produce a U.S.-brokered peace treaty between traditional rivals Israel and Egypt? [181] ___________________________________; ____________________________________; _______________________________ 123. In 1978, the United States agreed to surrender control of which waterway at the turn of the century? [181] _________________________ 124. When Ronald Reagan entered the White House, he took down a portrait of Thomas Jefferson and put up a picture of which President in its place? [183] _____________________________________ 125. Derided by critics as “trickle-down” economics, this cornerstone of Reagan’s thinking contended that all would benefit from an expanded economic pie. [183] ____________________________________ 126. In October 1983, a terrorist drove a truck loaded with explosives into a U.S. Marine barracks in which Middle Eastern nation, killing 239 Marines? [185] __________________________ 127. In 1987, President Reagan and Soviet General Mikhail Gorbachev signed which treaty at the White House in 1987? [188] _________________________________ 128. What did Reagan urge Mikhail Gorbachev to do when he went to Berlin in 1987? [189-90] _________________________________________________________ 129—130. Who was the military commander of the U.S. forces in the Gulf War? [196] _____________________________________ American military in the Gulf was a response to the invasion by Saddam Hussein’s Iraq of which Middle Eastern neighbor? [196] ______________________ 131. The company founded by Californians Steven Jobs and Stephen Wozniak in the mid-1970s. [205] _______________ 132. In 1989, who was elected governor in Virginia, the first African-American to hold that office in any state since Reconstruction? [209] _________________________ 133—134. During the Clinton Presidency, the attorney general appointed a special prosecutor to investigate which failed Arkansas real-estate investment that Clinton had made while governor? _____________________________ Who was the special prosecutor? ______________________________________ 135—136. These Congressional hearings were held from 1984 to 1986 to investigate charges that the Reagan administration had secretly sold weapons to Iran in an effort both to secure the release of American hostages in the Middle East and to raise money to support opposition military forces in Nicaragua. ______________________________ Who was the lieutenant colonel who became the most famous witness in this case? __________________________________________