Download Chapter 17 Americans Face Changes

Chapter 17 Americans Face Changes
Vocabulary Preview
capitalism
The United States economy is based on capitalism. People and businesses, not the
government, decide what goods and services to make and sell. page 612
veteran
When soldiers came home from the war, families welcomed them. Each soldier who left the
army to return to civilian life became a veteran. page 620
Chapter Timeline
611
nonviolent protest
African Americans used nonviolent protest to change unjust laws. Many college students
protested by sitting at lunch counters that did not serve African Americans. page 627
space race
The Soviet Union and the United States competed in the space race. Both tried to be the first
to send people into space and land on the moon. page 633
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Core Lesson 1 The Cold War
VOCABULARY
communism
capitalism
arms race
Vocabulary Strategy
communism
The suffix -ism in the words communism and capitalism means a “theory or system.??
Another word of this type is nationalism.
READING SKILL
Compare and Contrast
Think about how capitalism and communism are different from one another. Make lists of the
differences.
Build on What You Know You know that countries usually use armies, not words, to fight
wars. During the Cold War, the United States and the Soviet Union fought mostly with
words, but sometimes conflicts did break out.
Superpowers at War
Main Idea After World War II, the United States and the Soviet Union entered a conflict called
the Cold War.
The United States and the Soviet Union were the world's strongest nations after World War II.
They were called superpowers. In the years following World War II, the two superpowers
fought a war of words and ideas called the Cold War.
The two nations had different forms of government. The Soviet Union was a communist
country. Under communism, the government controls production and owns the nation's
natural and capital resources. This kind of economy is called a command economy.
Communist governments often tell people where to live and what work to do. Soviet
citizens had few freedoms. There was no democracy.
The United States is a capitalist country. In capitalism, ordinary people and businesses control
the production of goods and services. People in the United States decide for themselves
where to live and what work to do. United States citizens are part of a democracy and have
many freedoms.
Soviet Flag The hammer and sickle shown on this flag were symbols of the communist
government.
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The Cold War Begins
The Cold War began in Europe as World War II came to an end. The Soviet Union gained
control of Eastern Europe and set up communist governments there. A communist
government also took over in China in 1949.
Western leaders saw the spread of communism as a threat to freedom and wanted to stop it. In
1947, President Harry S. Truman told Congress, “I believe that we must assist free
people to work out their own destinies [futures] in their own way.??
After World War II, the Soviet Union controlled the eastern half of Germany. The United
States, Britain, and France governed the western half. Germany's capital city of Berlin was
in Soviet territory. The city itself was divided into East Berlin and West Berlin, with the
Soviets in control of East Berlin.
The Soviet Union and Eastern Europe After World War II, the Soviet Union took over
countries in Eastern Europe.
In June 1948, the Soviet Union tried to force the United States, Great Britain, and France to
leave West Berlin. The Soviets blocked off all the roads and railroads that led into the city.
The United States and Great Britain and France rescued West Berlin with the Berlin
Airlift. Each day airplanes brought thousands of tons of supplies to the trapped people.
Finally, in May 1949, the Soviet Union lifted the blockade. Years later, in 1961, the Soviet
Union built the Berlin Wall to divide the communist part of Berlin from the rest of the city.
During the tense early years of the Cold War, a new international organization called the
United Nations, or UN, was formed. In 1945, 50 nations joined together to try to keep
peace in the world. The United Nations faced many difficult challenges during the 1950s.
REVIEW What was the Berlin Airlift just before the Cold War began?
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North and South Korea Korea was divided along the cease-fire line in 1953. Reading
Maps Identify the capitals of North and South Korea.
Cold War Conflicts
Main Idea The Korean War and the Cuban Missile Crisis were two major conflicts of the Cold
War.
After World War II, the Korean Peninsula in Asia was divided into North and South Korea.
North Korea became a communist country. South Korea was a capitalist country. In June
1950, the North Korean army invaded South Korea. The United Nations sent troops to help
South Korea. General Douglas MacArthur led the UN army. Soldiers from 16 nations
joined the fight. The United States sent the most soldiers.
UN troops pushed the North Korean army back almost to the border with China. China reacted
by sending several hundred thousand soldiers to help North Korea. The fighting dragged
on, and thousands of soldiers died. The war became unpopular in the United States. In
1953, the war ended without either side winning. Korea is still divided today.
By the time the Korean War ended, the United States and the Soviet Union were in a nuclear
arms race. An arms race is a contest between nations to build bigger and more powerful
weapons. Nuclear arms are atomic bombs and missiles. People feared that a nuclear war
between the Soviet Union and the United States would destroy the whole world.
In 1959, Fidel Castro took power in Cuba, an island nation just 90 miles south of Florida. The
Soviet Union helped Castro set up a communist government there. The United States then
ended all contact with Cuba.
The Cuban Missile Crisis
In October 1962, the United States discovered that the Soviet Union was secretly sending
missiles to Cuba. The missiles were large enough to carry an atomic bomb and could easily
have reached the United States. Fearing a surprise attack, President John F. Kennedy
ordered a blockade of Cuba. United States warships surrounded Cuba and stopped
weapons from getting in or out.
Kennedy hoped the blockade would force the Soviet Union to remove its missiles. At first, the
Soviet Union refused. For six days, a nuclear war seemed possible. Then the Soviet Union
agreed to take its missiles out of Cuba.
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The United States lifted the blockade. What came to be known as the Cuban Missile Crisis
ended peacefully.
REVIEW What did Kennedy do to end the Cuban Missile Crisis?
The Cuban Missile Crisis President Kennedy (right) meets with his brother, Attorney
General Robert Kennedy in October 1962.
Lesson Summary
 The Cold War between the superpowers of the Soviet Union and the United States began
soon after World War II.
 During the Berlin Airlift, the United States, Britain, and France flew food and supplies into
West Berlin.
 In 1950, North Korea and China fought United States and UN forces in the Korean War.
 In 1962, the Cuban Missile Crisis could have led to a nuclear war between the Soviet Union
and United States.
Why It Matters …
For many years, the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union increased the
fear of a nuclear war.
Lesson Review
1. VOCABULARY Write a paragraph about the Cold War, using the terms arms race and
communism.
2. READING SKILL In what ways was personal freedom different under capitalism and
Soviet communism?
3. MAIN IDEA: History What were two major conflicts of the Cold War?
4. MAIN IDEA: Geography What part of Europe did the Soviet Union control after World
War II?
5. PLACES TO KNOW What happened in Korea in the Cold War?
6. TIMELINE SKILL How many years before the Cuban Missile Crisis did the Korean War
start?
7. CRITICAL THINKING: Infer Why was the Cuban Missile Crisis so dangerous?
WRITING ACTIVITY The Berlin Airlift happened at the beginning of the Cold War. Write a
paragraph giving your opinion about the decision to fly supplies into West Berlin. Support
your answer with reasons.
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Extend Lesson 1 History The Berlin Airlift
All roads are blocked. Nothing can come in, and nothing can go out. Food, fuel, and
medicines are running out, and people wonder how long they and their neighbors can
survive.
This happened in West Berlin in the summer of 1948. The Soviet Union had cut off all
routes into the city by land and water. The people of West Berlin were hostages to the
Soviet blockade.
There was still one way into West Berlin—by air. In just two days, the United States,
Great Britain, and France began an emergency airlift. Planes flew over West Berlin
day and night, dropping supplies by parachute. For the next year, pilots delivered
more than 2,300,000 tons of supplies to people in West Berlin in over 278,000 flights.
The planes brought something else to West Berlin during the airlift. They brought
hope to the tired, hungry people of that city.
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The Candy Hero
An American pilot named Gail S. Halvorsen became known as the “Candy Bomber?? during
the airlift, because he dropped candy to German children from his aircraft.
He had another nickname, as well. As a signal to children on the ground, he would wiggle the
wings of his plane. Soon Halvorsen began receiving letters addressed to “Uncle Wiggly
Wings.??
Special Delivery A young boy holds a box of candy, complete with parachute, dropped by
Uncle Wiggly Wings.
Which supply did the Allies deliver the most? Why?
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Skillbuilder Make a Timeline
VOCABULARY
timeline
A timeline shows events in the order that they happened. Placing important dates on a
timeline can help you to organize and understand what you read.
Learn the Skill
Step 1: Look back at the lesson you just read. Make a list of four important events from the
lesson. Put the events in order, listing the earliest event first.
Step 2: Timelines are divided into sections that show equal periods of time. Draw a horizontal
line and divide it into equal sections. Label the end of each section with a year.
Step 3: Place each event on the timeline on the date it occurred. When two events happened in
the same year, stack them one above the other.
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Practice the Skill
Read the following paragraph about the Korean War and answer the questions. Then make a
timeline of the events.
In 1950, North Korean troops invaded South Korea. The United States convinced the
United Nations (UN) to defend South Korea. The UN troops pushed the North
Koreans out of South Korea and far into the north. Then China sent soldiers to help
the North Korean army. By 1951, the Chinese and North Koreans had forced the UN
troops back to the South Korean border. Finally, in 1953, the two sides agreed to stop
fighting. Neither side had won.
1. In the paragraph, how many events have dates?
2. Which event came first?
3. Which event came last?
4. How much time is there between the first and last event?
Apply the Skill
Make your own timeline. Reread Chapter 16, Lesson 4, on pages 592–595. List three events in
the lesson. Then create a timeline that includes those events.
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Core Lesson 2 Life in the 1950s
VOCABULARY
veteran
baby boom
budget
Vocabulary Strategy
budget
The word budget comes from a word that means “wallet.?? A budget is a way to keep track of
your money.
READING SKILL
Main Idea and Details
Write the details for the first main idea of the lesson.
Build on What You Know You have seen household items such as dishwashers and
televisions in stores. In the 1950s, many people went to department stores to buy
televisions and dishwashers for the first time.
Post-War Prosperity
Main Idea The economic boom of the 1950s gave families in the United States more choices
about what they could buy.
In 1952, General Dwight D. Eisenhower was elected President. He was a popular war hero
who had led the Allied troops in Europe during World War II. People called him Ike and
wore buttons that said “I Like Ike.??
The United States economy grew rapidly under Eisenhower's leadership. The economic boom
of the 1950s was created by World War II veterans and their families. A veteran is
someone who has served in the military. Millions of people left the military after the war.
Couples who had put off getting married and having children because of the Great
Depression and World War II started families. The country had a “baby boom.?? The
baby boom was the large increase in the number of babies born after World War II.
During the 1950s, the population of the United States grew by over 28 million people.
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Housing In the 1950s, people spent more and more money on housing. Millions of families
moved into homes in housing developments such as this. SKILL Reading Graphs
How much was spent on housing in 1954?
New Choices for Consumers
One effect of the baby boom was a shortage of houses. The population grew so fast that there
weren't enough homes for people to live in. Builders responded by building large housing
developments. The houses in the communities often looked alike and were built very close
together. Most of the developments were built outside cities, where land was less
expensive. The government lent money to millions of veterans so that they could buy these
homes in the suburbs.
Factories and businesses could barely keep up with the demand for items such as washing
machines and clothes dryers.
In 1950, consumers spent 191 billion dollars on consumer goods. By 1959, they had spent
almost twice as much.
As businesses grew, workers earned more income. (Money earned is called income.) Families
had more choices about what to buy, and many created a budget. A budget is a plan for
saving and spending income. Income can be saved in places such as a bank savings
account. Income can be used to pay expenses, such as buying a home or a car. Income can
also be spent on entertainment, such as a movie or a baseball game.
REVIEW What did families use budgets for?
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Cultural Changes
Main Idea Cars, television, and young people shaped much of 1950s culture.
In the 1950s, cars became much more important in people's lives. Families living in the suburbs
had to drive almost everywhere. They bought cars in record numbers and loved to use
them. They drove to national parks, such as Yellowstone. They watched movies at drive-in
movie theaters. They ate at drive-in burger restaurants where food was served by people on
roller skates. They even went to drive-in ice cream shops for dessert. Shopping centers
outside city centers became very popular.
Television became much more important in people's lives in the 1950s. Television made it easy
for them to see new places without leaving their homes.
Before television, people either listened to the radio or read the newspaper to get the news.
With television, families could see faraway events as they happened. People watched soap
operas such as “Guiding Light?? during the day and comedy shows such as “I Love
Lucy?? at night.
Television and radio also helped rock ‘n’ roll become popular in the 1950s. The new music
used electric guitars, had a powerful beat, and was usually loud.
Television and Cars Actress Lucille Ball (right) and her television show were popular.
The photo below shows people having lunch at a drive-in restaurant.
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Many teenagers loved rock ‘n’ roll. Huge crowds of young people screamed and cheered for
singers such as Chuck Berry and Elvis Presley. Some people doubted that rock ‘n’ roll
would last. But the 1950s were only the beginning. Rock ‘n’ roll continued to grow and
change into new kinds of music that people still listen to today.
REVIEW In what new ways did people use their cars during the 1950s?
Lesson Summary
After World War II, returning veterans created a baby boom and the economy grew. People
bought houses, cars, and consumer goods. The popularity of television and rock ‘n’ roll
changed entertainment in the United States.
Why It Matters …
In the 1950s, cars, living in suburbs, and television became even more important in the daily
life of Americans. They continue to be important today.
Chuck Berry He was one of the most popular musicians in the country in the 1950s.
Lesson Review
1. VOCABULARY Match each vocabulary word with its meaning. veteran baby boom
budget
(a) person who served in a war (b) plan for saving and spending income (c) increase in number
of children born after World War II.
1. READING SKILL What did families do to plan saving and spending money? Use your list
of details to find the answer.
2. MAIN IDEA: History What did the returning veterans do that helped the 1950s economy?
3. MAIN IDEA: Economics What kind of products did people buy in the 1950s?
4. PEOPLE TO KNOW What made President
5. Dwight Eisenhower so popular?
6. CRITICAL THINKING: Decision Making For a family in the 1950s, what might have
been the opportunity cost of the decision to buy a new car? Remember that an opportunity
cost is the thing you give up when you decide to do or have something else.
WRITING ACTIVITY Write a rock ‘n’ roll song about the 1950s. Use what you have learned
about how people loved cars and television.
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Extend Lesson 2 Economics The Baby Boom
Babies! Millions and millions of new babies! How would all these new babies affect the
American economy?
In the 1950s, the United States population grew by nearly 30 million in just ten years.
This rapid increase in population had a powerful impact on the U.S. economy. It created a
large demand for new houses. Between 1950 and 1960, over 15 million new homes
were built.
All over the country, thousands of people found work in the home-building industry.
Millions more worked to meet the demand for the materials needed to build and
furnish new homes for baby boom families. Factories poured out appliances,
televisions, and furniture.
As the baby boom generation grew up, the demand for new goods and services continued,
helping to create one of the largest periods of economic growth in U.S. history.
Baby Boom You can see on the chart that the population grew faster and faster after the
end of World War II.
In the 1950s, more babies were born in America than at any other time in its history.
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New Homes This view from the air shows new homes in the 1950s. Mass production was
used to build inexpensive homes. That is why they all look similar.
Housing Boom The difference between 1945 and 1950 is huge. Compare this graph to the
graph on page 624. How are they related?
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Core Lesson 3 Civil Rights
VOCABULARY
civil rights
desegregation
nonviolent protest
Vocabulary Strategy
desegregation
The prefix de- in the word desegregation means “the opposite of.?? Desegregation is the
antonym of segregation, the separation of races.
READING SKILL
Cause and Effect Take notes on the effects of the civil rights movement on laws in the United
States.
Build on What You Know When a problem is hard to solve, you may need to try something
new. In the 1950s and 1960s, African Americans found new ways to gain greater
recognition of their rights.
The Movement Begins
Main Idea In the 1950s, United States Supreme Court decisions changed segregation laws.
The end of slavery was not the end of inequality for African Americans. Nearly 100 years after
the Civil War, black Americans still struggled for freedom. State laws and discrimination
greatly limited their civil rights. Civil rights are the rights that countries guarantee their
citizens. Some civil rights are the right to vote, the right to equal treatment, and the right to
speak out.
Linda Brown In 1954, Linda Brown (front) and her parents brought a case against school
segregation to the United States Supreme Court, and won. Here, she is seated in class.
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Segregation Ends
In the early 1950s, many places in the United States were segregated. Segregated means
separated by racial or ethnic group. In some cities, African Americans could not use the
same restaurants and schools as whites. Segregation was legal, but many people believed
that it should not be. Segregation took away the important civil right of equal treatment.
African Americans went to court to end this inequality.
In 1954, the parents of a girl named Linda Brown went to court against the Board of Education
of Topeka, Kansas. Linda's parents said that she was not getting the same education as
white students. The Supreme Court decided that segregation was unconstitutional. The
Court ordered desegregation of all public schools. Desegregation means ending the
separation of people by racial or ethnic group.
The governments of some states did not want to obey the Supreme Court's decision. In 1957,
President Dwight Eisenhower had to send soldiers to protect African American students
enrolling in an all-white high school in Little Rock, Arkansas.
African Americans worked hard to end segregation in other places, too. In Montgomery,
Alabama, in 1955, an African American woman named Rosa Parks refused to give up her
seat on a bus. City law in Montgomery stated that African Americans had to sit in their
own section, usually at the back of the bus. The police arrested Parks for not giving up her
seat to a white man.
Leaders of Montgomery's African American churches asked people to boycott, or not use, the
buses.
Rosa Parks Her courageous act inspired the civil rights movement.
For over a year, the city's African Americans walked, rode bicycles, and shared cars instead of
riding the bus.
Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., a young minister from Atlanta, Georgia, helped lead the boycott.
King believed in nonviolent protest. Nonviolent protest is a way of bringing change
without using violence. King said that even if people were hurt or arrested, they must not
fight back. King's strong religious faith, and the faith of many other protesters, helped them
hold on to that idea. They did not use violence or give up. In late 1956, the Supreme Court
ruled that segregation on buses was illegal.
REVIEW What was the goal of the Montgomery Bus Boycott?
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We Will Not Leave This photo shows a sit-in at a lunch counter in Charlotte, North
Carolina in 1960.
Civil Rights Victories
Main Idea African Americans and other ethnic groups gained many civil rights in the 1960s.
In 1960 in Greensboro, North Carolina, four African American college students sat at a “whites
only?? lunch counter and refused to leave until they were served. This kind of protest was
known as a sit-in. African Americans held sit-ins in about 54 cities. The sit-ins forced the
stores to make a choice—close down or treat African Americans equally. For the first time,
many stores agreed to serve African Americans.
In 1963, Congress was discussing a bill to end segregation in the United States. To show
support for the bill, Martin Luther King Jr. and other civil rights leaders organized a protest
march in Washington, D.C. Over 200,000 people took part. King gave his most famous
speech at the march. He said,
“I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will
not be judged by the color of their skin, but by the content of their character.??
Martin Luther King Jr.'s “I Have a Dream?? speech and the March on Washington got more
people to join the civil rights movement.
President Lyndon B. Johnson worked with Congress to pass the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The
law banned segregation at school, work, and in public places such as restaurants and
theaters. The next year, Congress made further progress toward recognizing the rights of
all Americans. The Voting Rights Act of 1965 made it illegal to prevent or hinder citizens
from voting because of their racial or ethnic backgrounds.
In 1968, only five years after the March on Washington, Martin Luther King Jr. was
assassinated. This sad event did not stop the civil rights movement. People of diverse
backgrounds—Christians and Jews, Northerners and Southerners, Latinos, American
Indians, and Asian Americans—joined the struggle for civil rights. The American people
were sending a clear message to Congress.
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The civil rights movement inspired other groups to work for change. In the early 1960s, Cesar
Chavez and Dolores Huerta (hoo EHR tah) formed a farm workers union. They improved
conditions for farm workers in California.
Voting African Americans line up to vote in Alabama.
Women also worked for equal rights. American Indian groups in the 1960s took bold action to
get back their land. All of these groups continued working for equal rights in the years
ahead.
REVIEW What did the March on Washington do to help the civil rights movement?
Lesson Summary
 The Supreme Court declared school segregation laws unconstitutional.
 Sit-ins and other nonviolent protests helped end segregation in the South.
 The Civil Rights Act ended segregation in public places.
 The Voting Rights Act made it illegal to stop people from voting.
Why It Matters …
The struggle for civil rights caused the creation of new laws that protect important rights such
as the right to vote.
Lesson Review
1. VOCABULARY Choose the correct words to complete this sentence:
civil rights desegregation nonviolent protest
Martin Luther King Jr. used to fight for the of African Americans.
1. READING SKILL Write one effect of lunch counter sit-ins.
2. MAIN IDEA: History What court case in the 1950s won a victory over segregation?
3. MAIN IDEA: Citizenship Give two examples of civil rights that are guaranteed by the
Constitution.
4. PEOPLE TO KNOW Who was Rosa Parks, and what did she do to help end segregation?
5. TIMELINE SKILL How many years passed after the March on Washington before the
Voting Rights Act?
6. CRITICAL THINKING: Evaluate Is nonviolent protest a powerful way to bring about
change? Explain your answer.
ART ACTIVITY Think about people who fought for civil rights such as the right to equal
treatment and the right to vote. Create a picture of a civil rights leader and show what he or
she did.
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Extend Lesson 3 Biography Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. (1929–1968)
It is August 28th, 1963. Thousands of people have marched from the Washington
Monument to the Lincoln Memorial. Folk singers have performed, and civil rights
leaders have spoken to the crowd. Now Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. steps forward to
the podium.
Dr. King has written part of the speech only hours ago. He has given other parts before.
He looks out at the crowd. So many people have joined together in one place in the
cause of equality and justice.
Throughout his life, Dr. King worked for civil rights for all Americans. He was dedicated
to bringing about change through nonviolent protest. In Montgomery and
Birmingham, he led boycotts and protests to desegregate buses and lunch counters.
As Dr. King begins to speak, the people cheer. Of the many speeches given on this day,
this is the one that most will remember. People join hands as they listen to his
message of freedom.
Major Achievements
1957
Travels thousands of miles and gives over 200 speeches
1963
Leads March on Washington and gives “I Have a Dream?? speech
1963
Meets with President Kennedy about civil rights
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“When we allow freedom to ring, when we let it ring from every village and every hamlet,
from every state and every city, we will be able to speed up that day when all God's
children, black men and white men, Jews and Gentiles, Protestants and Catholics, will
be able to join hands and sing in the words of the old Negro spiritual: “Free at last!
Free at last! Thank God Almighty, we are free at last!??
— From the speech “I Have a Dream??
1964
Wins Nobel Peace Prize
1965
Leads march from Selma to Montgomery
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Core Lesson 4 Life in the 1960s
VOCABULARY
space race
demonstration
cease-fire
Vocabulary Strategy
demonstration
The word demonstration comes from demonstrate, which means to show clearly.
READING SKILL
Draw Conclusions Write facts and details that will help you decide what kind of leader
President Kennedy was.
Build on What You Know On television, you've probably seen the Space Shuttle take off and
land. Imagine a time when human flight in space was still a dream. In the 1960s, this
dream finally came true.
Presidents Kennedy and Johnson
In 1960, voters elected John F. Kennedy President. He was the youngest person and first
Roman Catholic ever elected to the office. Kennedy urged Americans to serve their nation
by helping people in need. He said,
“you—ask what you can do for your country. … ask not what your country can do for“
President Kennedy believed that citizens could make society better and inspired many people
across the United States. Thousands of young people volunteered for his Peace Corps
program. The Peace Corps sends volunteers to teach children, help grow food, and develop
businesses in countries around the world. The Peace Corps still exists today.
President John F. Kennedy This photo shows President Kennedy's young son, John Jr.,
peeking out from under his father's desk.
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The Space Race Begins
While Kennedy was President, the United States competed in a space race. The space race
was the competition between the United States and the Soviet Union to send people into
space. The Soviet Union won the first major victory. In 1957, a Soviet rocket sent Sputnik I
into outer space. Sputnik I was the first manufactured object to circle Earth. In April of
1961, Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin (yoo ree guh GAHR ihn) became the first person to
circle Earth in a space capsule.
A month after Gagarin's flight, astronaut Alan Shepard was the first American to go into outer
space. In February of 1962, astronaut John Glenn circled Earth for nearly five hours.
President Kennedy promised that the United States would reach the moon before the Soviet
Union did. On July 20th, 1969, astronauts Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin landed on the
moon. For the first time in history, a human being had set foot on another world.
Lyndon B. Johnson The Texas Senator became Kennedy's Vice President, and President
after Kennedy was killed.
Man on the Moon An astronaut stands on the surface of the moon. His spacecraft is
reflected on the surface of his helmet.
President Kennedy did not live to see the moon landing. He was assassinated in 1963 in Dallas,
Texas. Americans were shocked and saddened by the sudden death of the popular young
President. Vice President Lyndon Baines Johnson was sworn in as President later that
day.
President Johnson worked to improve the lives of people who were in need through his Great
Society programs. Some programs built houses or paid for medical care. Others prepared
young children for school.
REVIEW Who won the race to send a person into space?
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The Vietnam War
Vietnam is located in Southeast Asia. Like Korea, Vietnam was split into two countries, a
communist one in the North and a capitalist one in the South. North Vietnam supported
communist fighters who were trying to take over South Vietnam. Leaders in the United
States were worried about communism spreading to South Vietnam. At first, the United
States only sent advisors and military supplies to help South Vietnam. Later, the United
States began sending its soldiers to fight in what became known as the Vietnam War.
Southeast Asia Fighting spread from North and South Vietnam to Cambodia and Laos to
the west. SKILL Reading Maps Identify the capitals of North and South Vietnam.
Divisions at Home
By 1968, the United States had about 500,000 troops fighting in Vietnam. There was a sharp
difference of opinion over whether the United States should have troops in Vietnam. Some
people believed that the United States should not interfere in a civil war between the
people of North and South Vietnam. Others argued that the United States had to stop
communism wherever it was.
On college campuses many students protested the war. As the war became more unpopular,
large crowds of all ages gathered for demonstrations. A demonstration is a gathering of
people who want to express their opinion to the public and the government. People for and
against the war held demonstrations in cities around the country.
Landing in Vietnam American troops used helicopters to move around quickly.
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Getting Out of Vietnam
Richard Nixon became President in January 1969. He started to bring troops home. At the
same time, United States planes increased the bombing of North Vietnam and began
bombing Cambodia, the nation west of South Vietnam. Many communist fighters had
bases there.
In 1973, North Vietnam, South Vietnam, and the United States signed a cease-fire. A ceasefire is an agreement to stop all fighting. U.S. soldiers returned home, but once this
happened, the communists renewed the fighting. Two years later, North Vietnam defeated
South Vietnam.
For a long time after the war ended, people felt its effects. Over 55,000 American soldiers and
millions of Vietnamese had died. The nation had lost its battle to stop communism in
Vietnam.
REVIEW Why did many people in the United States protest against the war in Vietnam?
Lesson Summary
Why It Matters …
In the 1960s the exploration of space began a new era of discovery. People saw Earth in a
completely new way. The United States fought a major war in Southeast Asia.
Lesson Review
1. VOCABULARY Use the words demonstration and cease-fire in a paragraph about the
Vietnam War.
2. READING SKILL What conclusion did you come to about what kind of leader President
Kennedy was?
3. MAIN IDEA: Government What were two achievements of John F. Kennedy's presidency?
4. MAIN IDEA: Economics What did President Johnson hope his Great Society programs
would do for people?
5. PLACES TO KNOW In what part of the world is Vietnam located?
6. TIMELINE SKILL How many years passed after Kennedy's election before the moon
landing?
7. CRITICAL THINKING: Analyze How might the exploration of space have been different
if the United States and the Soviet Union had cooperated?
ART ACTIVITY Plan an exhibit for a 1960s museum, using one of the events in this lesson.
Make a diagram of what the exhibit will show and how you would set it up.
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Extent Lesson 4 Citizenship: T H E VIETNAM VETERANS MEMORIAL
Nearly ten years after the last American troops had left Vietnam, there was still no
memorial to honor soldiers who had died there. In 1982, a memorial was built.
The Vietnam Veterans Memorial, also known as the Wall, is located on the National Mall
in Washington, D.C. The Wall is V-shaped, with one side pointing toward the Lincoln
Memorial and the other pointing toward the Washington Monument.
The name of each American who died or was missing during the Vietnam War is on the
Wall. The soldiers' names are grouped by their time of service in Vietnam to make it
easier for veterans to find the names of people who served with them.
The polished black granite of the Wall reflects the grass and trees around the monument.
The quiet atmosphere makes the Vietnam Veterans Memorial a place to remember
and respect those who gave their lives in service to their country.
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Maya Lin
The Vietnam Veterans Memorial was designed by Maya Lin, a Chinese American woman from
Ohio. She won a competition for the best memorial design at the age of 21. Lin designed
the memorial to work peacefully with the landscape. She hoped it would help people to
heal after the war.
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Chapter 17 Review and Test Prep
Visual Summary
1–4. Write a description of each event named below.
Facts and Main Ideas
TEST PREP Answer each question with information from the chapter.
1. Geography During the Cold War, what three countries were divided into North and South or
East and West?
2. Economics Why did the economy grow when World War II veterans came home?
3. History What effect did the growth of suburbs have on the use of cars?
4. Citizenship What was the Voting Rights Act of 1965?
5. Government Why were North and South Vietnam at war?
Vocabulary
TEST PREP Choose the correct word from the list below to complete each sentence.
capitalism, p. 612
budget, p. 621
desegregation, p. 627
demonstration, p. 634
1. Many civil rights groups worked for the of schools.
2. A can help you make decisions about spending and saving income.
3. People living under can choose what goods to make and sell.
4. Students would often hold a to voice their opinions about the Vietnam War.
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CHAPTER SUMMARY TIMELINE
Apply Skill
TEST PREP Chart and Graph Skill
Read the paragraph below and answer each question about making a timeline.
After World War II ended, the Soviet Union wanted the Allies to leave West Berlin. In June
1948, the Soviets began a blockade. They stopped all land, river, and rail traffic. The
British and Americans joined forces to deliver supplies to the people of West Berlin. The
Soviet Union ended the blockade in May 1949. The United States and Great Britain
continued the Berlin Airlift until September 1949.
1. Which event would be first on a timeline made from the information above?
A.delivery of supplies
B. end of the airlift
C. end of the blockade
D.beginning of the blockade
2. If you made a timeline for the paragraph above, into what segments would you divide it?
A.days
B. months
C. years
D.decades
Critical Thinking
TEST PREP Write a short paragraph to answer each question.
1. 16. Cause and Effect What effect did Rosa Parks's refusal to move to the back of the bus
have on segregation in Montgomery?
2. 17. Infer Why do you think the space race was important to the United States?
Timeline
Use the Chapter Summary Timeline above to answer the question.
1. Which events happened in the 1960s?
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Unit 8 Review and Test Prep
Vocabulary and Main Ideas
TEST PREP Write a sentence to answer each question.
1. Why did some people describe actions of the U.S. government in the early 20th century as
imperialism?
2. In what way did alliances help to start World War I?
3. What was one thing that people used credit for in the 1920s?
4. In what way was unemployment related to the Great Depression of the 1930s?
5. What is a veteran?
6. How is power divided in a government ruled by a dictator?
Critical Thinking
TEST PREP Write a short paragraph to answer each question.
1. Compare and Contrast What are some ways in which World War I and World War II were
alike and different?
2. Synthesize Explain how the New Deal helped people in the United States during the Great
Depression. Use details from the unit to support your answer.
Apply Skills
TEST PREP Chart and Graph Skill Use the following paragraph and what you have
learned about making a timeline to answer each question.
The space race began in 1957 when the Soviet Union launched Sputnik I. In 1961, the Soviet
Union sent Yuri Gagarin into space. The following year, John Glenn became the first
American to orbit the earth. In 1969, the United States successfully sent men to the moon.
That event made many people feel that the United States had won the space race.
1. If you were making a timeline of the events in this paragraph, which would be the best date
to place at the beginning of your timeline?
A.1940
B. 1955
C. 1960
D.1965
2. Which two events would be closest to each other on your timeline?
A.Sputnik and the moon landing
B. Sputnik and Gagarin flight
C. Gagarin flight and Glenn flight
D.Glenn flight and moon landing
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Unit Activity
Create and Present a Courage Award
 Choose a person mentioned in this unit whom you think showed great courage.
 Write a sentence or two telling why this person deserves an award for courage.
 Tape the sentence on construction paper and illustrate or decorate it as a certificate.
 Present your award by reading your certificate aloud.
At the Library
You may find this book at your school or public library.
The Voice that Challenged a Nation by Russell Freedman
African American opera singer Marian Anderson used her voice to help bring racial equality to
our nation.
Read About It
Look for these Social Studies Independent Books in your classroom.