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Propaganda, Persuasion, and Rhetoric Propaganda: any systematic widespread dissemination of promotion of particular ideas, doctrine, practices, etc. to further one's cause or to damage an opposing one. Persuasion: the power of causing something to be done, especially by reasoning, urging, or inducement Rhetoric: the art of using words effectively in speaking or writing; language that is showy and elaborate but largely empty of clear ideas or sincere emotion Techniques and Methods Stereotype: an overgeneralization that does not account for exceptions o All juniors look down on freshmen. Bandwagon: a recommendation that someone should do something because everyone is doing it o Thousands have enjoyed these running shoes, and you will too. Name Calling: criticism of personality or character rather than of ideas o What could that backwoods bumpkin know about gourmet food? Listen to me instead. Testimonial: use of a recommendation by someone who has gained authority in an unrelated field o Drink Coca Cola; baseball star Roddy North does. Red Herring: an unrelated second issue used to evade the real issue. o Let's not discuss repairs to the gym; let's discuss the quality of the team. Either-or Thinking: an oversimplification that allows only two choices o If you don't make a donation, you must not approve of our efforts. Faulty Cause and Effect: a statement asserting a false connection between cause and effect o You did not do you homework; you are not a conscientious person. Plain Folks: use of recommendation by common people o Howdy, neighbors. Welcome to our program this morning. Snob Appeal: a statement categorizing one product is better than another o Original creations by Madame L'Exclusive." Glittering Generalities: word choice that promotes a product which really means nothing o "the American way” "natural beauty," "absolute honesty" Transfer: the use of a picture to transfer feeling or emotion to whatever is being advertised o using a picture of a beautiful woman to advertise a car. Slanted Words: word choice to promote credibility o scientifically proven Card-stacking: the use of half-truths which cannot be denied or whole truths which have no point o twisting facts, selectively omitting information, or using incomplete quotations Practice on Identifying Fallacies Each of the following statements represents one of the fallacies/techniques. Identify the fallacy or technique. 1. ____________________ Film star Ray Laurence says you'll be satisfied with the Universal Life Insurance Company. 2. ____________________ If the President does not sign the bill labor wants, he must be antilabor. 3. ____________________ She must be rich — she is a lawyer. 4. ____________________ Perhaps the Student Council does need reform, but you have to admit Lee Ann Trainor has been a fine representative. 5. ____________________ Do not listen to those senators; they are all political hacks. 6. ____________________ Roger has been involved in an accident. He must be a bad driver. 7. ____________________ Americans are turning in droves to new Fruit Stix — be among them. 8. ____________________ Star Gazers is the most popular movie of the year. Don't miss it. 9. ____________________ Be careful how you talk to him. You know how sensitive artists are. 10. ____________________ You're no friend of mine if you don't support me in this.