Download Platelets

PLATELET PRODUCTS
Shan Yuan, MD
Last Updated 2/23/2011
Summary: Comparison of Platelet Concentrates and Apheresis Platelets
Platelet Concenterates (PC)
Apheresis Platelets
Made from WB
Collected by apheresis instruments
10
5.5x 10 in 45-65 ml plasma
3x10 11 in ~200 ml
A pool of 6 (4-10) = 1 dose for an adult
One unit is 1 dose for an adult
Leukoreduce each unit with filter post
Leukoreduced during collection
collection
Multiple donor exposure per dose.
Single donor- can collect HLA-matched
or crossmatched platelets from a single
donor.
Platelet Concentrate(PC)
Product Description:
 Volume: 45 – 65 ml/unit
 Contents:
o Platelets (>5.5 x 1010 in 90% tested per AABB Standards)
o Suspended in ~50ml volume of plasma
o a small amount of RBCs (< 0.5ml per unit) and WBCs.
o pH ≥ 6.2 per Standards.
o
Preparation:
 Collected, unrefrigerated whole blood is centrifuged at low speed (soft spin) to
separate platelet rich plasma (PRP).
 PRP is subjected to another centrifugation (hard spin), then all but 50-60ml of
supernatant plasma is removed. Removed plasma can be used to make plasma
products.
 Platelet pellet resuspended in residual plasma.
Storage:
 Store at room temp (20-24C) with continuous gentle agitation.
 Shelf life: up to 5 days after collection
 May go up to 24 hour without agitation.
 Outdates in 4 hours after pooling or washing/volume reduction (i.e., whenever an
“open system” is created)
Dose and response:
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In an average adult: PCs are usually administered in pools of 6 units; one PC
should increase the platelet count by 5,000 – 10,000 /µL (a pool of PCs should
increase the platelet count by 30,000 – 50,000 /µL).
An adequate response and/or need for further therapy should be guided by
comparing the pre-transfusion platelet count to a platelet count measured within 1
hour of the completion of transfusion
In an infant: 10-15ml/kg should achieve an increment of 50,000 – 100,000 /µL
Causes for an inadequate response to platelets include:
o Immune mediated: Destruction of transfused platelet by anti-HLA
alloantibodies most commonly, but also platelet auto- or alloantibodies
o Non immune causes: DIC, ongoing bleeding, fever, infection,
splenomegaly, many medications (Amphotericin B best known)
Apheresis Platlet Products
Description:
o Volume: 200ml per unit
o Contents:
o Platelets (>3.0 x 1011 in 90% single units tested per AABB Standards)
o Suspended in ~200 ml of plasma
o Minimal amount of RBCs/WBCs.
o pH ≥ 6.2 per Standards.
Preparation
o Collected with apheresis instrument, which selectively remove platelets and the
plasma that they are suspended in. RBCs returned to the donor.
o Each product is collected from a single donor (therefore aka single donor
platelets)
o Depending on donor size and platelet count, double or triple units can also be
collected in one procedure.
o Leukoreduction/filtration accomplished during Collection
Storage, Indications, and Shelf Life: Same as platelet concentrates.
Dose response:
o Transfusion of an average unit of apheresis platelets in an average adult: should
increase the platelet count by 30,000– 50,000/µL (similar to a pool of 4-6 PCs).
ABO Compatibility in Platelet Transfusion
o ABO antigens are expressed on platelet but variably and weakly. May give ABO
incompatible platelets due to inventory issues.
o Data suggest that ABO compatible platelet transfusion in general results in posttransfusion increments that are 25-30% higher. However, whether this clinically
significant is debatable
o In some recipients, poor response to platelet transfusion sometimes occurs due to
faster clearance of ABO incompatible donor platelets; then it is not unreasonable
to try ABO compatible platelets to see if response improves
o Acute hemolytic transfusion reactions can also occasionally occur when platelets
from a group O donor with high anti-A titer are given to an A recipient. Some
centers have proposed either screening O platelets for high-titers of anit-A
antibodies, or limiting exposure to O platelets in group A recipients.
o Due to the small blood volume of neonates, exposure to ABO incompatible
plasma should be minimized – use ABO compatible platelets only, or volumereduce the plasma of non-ABO compatible platelets.
Rh Compatibility in Platelet Transfusion
o Rh antigens are not present on platelets. They are expressed on RBCs
o But platelet products may contain some contaminating RBCs with Rh antigens
(In general, platelet concentrates have <0.5ml RBCs, apheresis platelets have far
less)
o Alloimmunization to the Rh(D) antigen due to such a small amount of RBC
occurs only rarely, so many places only try to give Rh compatible platelet
products to female recipients
o If due to inventory constraints, Rh positive platelet products are given to younger
females (not past reproductive age), consider prophylaxis with Rhogam. Each
full dose should cover exposure of ~15 ml RBCs
The Issue of Platelet Sterility
o Bacterial contamination is now the #1 transfusion infection risk, and a top cause
of transfusion-related mortality
o Since 2004, AABB Standards has required that blood banks have methods to both
limit and detect bacterial contamination of both apheresis platelets and platelet
concentrate)
o Approaches of limiting contamination include:
o Careful skin preparation
o Discarding the initial 20-30 cc of blood collected, which is often
contaminated with skin flora
o Exclusive use of apheresis platelets to reduce donor exposure
o Approaches of detecting contamination:
o Culture-based methods: Bacterial Detection System (Pall), BacT/ALERT
(BioMerieux, Inc). Can be done with apheresis platelet by taking a 1015ml sample 24 hours after collection. Platelets are quarantined until
culture is negative at 12hr or more. (Note: This increases the time that
products are in quarantine and introduces some inventory challenges)
o Dipstick check of pH changes and glucose changes. Platelet concentrates
may be monitored with dipsticks – which adds a lot of process time before
release. The test also has poor sensitivity and specificity
o Gram Stain – labor intensive, not practical
o Verax: Point-of-care testing kit, recently cleared by the FDA as a bacterial
detection test for pooled platelet concentrates. Test detects lipoteichoic
acids on Gram-positive bacteria and lipopolysaccharides on Gramnegative bacteria.
Summary of Indications for Platelet Transfusion
o Prophylaxis in non-bleeding patients with counts of < 10,000 – 20,000 /µL
o Patients with counts < 50,000 /µL who are actively bleeding or are preparing to
undergo an invasive surgical procedure
o Patients with counts <100,000 /µL who are bleeding in cardiopulmonary bypass
surgery, neurosurgery, ophthalmic surgery.
o Treatment of patients with congenital or acquired platelet function defect and
bleeding, (e.g. drug induced by aspirin, ticlopidine, Abciximab) regardless of
patient’s platelet count
o Patients on cardiac bypass machine or ECMO and platelet count <100,000 /µL