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OS COXA - ILIUM LANDMARKS ALL MEDIAL VIEW, DEEP SURFACE, RIGHT SIDE (EXCEPT WHERE NOTED) anterior inferior iliac spine anterior superior iliac spine auricular surface greater sciatic notch OS COXA - ILIUM LANDMARKS ALL MEDIAL VIEW, DEEP SURFACE, RIGHT SIDE (EXCEPT WHERE NOTED) iliac crest Lateral view, superficial surface, right side iliac fossa iliac tubercle Lateral view (superficial surface), left side (The iliac crest is the origin for:the tensor fasciae latae) posterior inferior iliac spine posterior superior iliac spine OS COXA - ISCHIUM AND OS COXA LANDMARKS Medial view, deep surface (except where noted) ISCHIUM LANDMARKS – All right side LATERAL VIEW SUPERFICIAL SURFACE Remember that it is your ischial tuberosity that you sit on! ischial spine ischial tuberosity lesser sciatic notch OS COXAE LANDMARKS – All left side acetabulum Lateral view (superficial surface), iliopectineal line obturator foramen Lateral view (superficial surface), sacroiliac articulation The sacroiliac articulation (joint) is a synovial joint between the sacrum and the ilium. PELVIC/PUBIC LANDMARKS PELVIC LANDMARKS – ADULT MALE pelvic brim pelvic outlet symphysis pubis PUBIC LANDMARKS – ADULT MALE pubic angle pubic crest pubic tubercle SACRUM LANDMARKS anterior sacral foramen posterior sacral foramen In the sacrum we find both anterior and posterior foramina where the spinal nerves (anterior and posterior rami respectively) leave the sacral canal. These foramina are comparable to the intervertebral foramina we found between the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae. sacral promontory Superior view Note that the sacral promontory is the anterior, superior edge of the body of the sacrum. canal FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE body of the uterus The body of the uterus is caudal and medial to the two uterine horns, and cranial to the cervix in the cat. Humans do not have uterine horns. infundibulum The infundibulum is an accessory sex organ. It has embryological origins from the Mullerian duct. It is part of the uterine tube and is shaped somewhat like a funnel. It is lined with cilia that produce a current that usually sweeps the ovum into the uterine tube. broad ligament of the uterus The broad ligament is peritoneum. It provides some support for the uterus, uterine tubes and ovaries. ovaries The ovaries are the primary sex organs of the female. They are homologous to the testicles. In humans they are found lateral to the uterus. They lie against the lateral wall of the pelvis, and are held in place by the mesovarium of the broad ligament (peritoneum). horn of the uterus The paired horns (cornua) of the uterus are structures found in species that have litters rather than single births. round ligament of the uterus In the female the remnants of the gubernaculum make up the round ligaments of the ovary and uterus. The round ligament of the uterus passes through the mesometrium and inguinal canal and eventually it anchors the uterus to the labium majus. Remember that in the male the remnant of the gubernaculum connects the testis to the fascial sac. FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE The probe to your right is inserted into the urethra of the female cat. This is a different arrangement than is found in humans where the urethra and vagina exit at separate points. urethra The uterine tube is an accessory sex organ. It has embryological origins from the Mullerian duct. In the human it is about 4 inches long (10 cm) and is found in the superior border of the broad ligament of the uterus. it receives the ovum from the ovary. uterine tube (fallopian tube, oviduct) Note that the probe on your right is inserted into the urethra. The probe on the left is pointing at the caudal end of the vagina. The vestibule extends from the union of the urethra and vagina (probe to your right) to the outside near the blunt end of the probe (on your left). It is considered a urogenital sinus. vagina vestibule MALE REPRODUCTIVE Crus of The penis bulbourethral glands glans penis The bulbourethral gland (Cowper's gland) is an accessory sex gland, which releases its secretions into the urethra during ejaculation, thereby contributing to the makeup of the semen. The opening is the terminal end of the urethra, which serves as a common urogenital opening in the male. The penis is an accessory sex organ. Proximally it begins with the root of the penis, then the shaft (or body), and finally the glans penis. It is made up of three erectile cylinders Urethra The prostate gland is an accessory sex gland, which releases its secretions into the urethra during ejaculation, thereby contributing about one-third of the makeup of the semen. prostate Testes spermatic cord vas deferens BULL TESTICLE BODY TAIL HEAD cremaster muscle epididymis (landmarks) The cremaster muscle is functionally important because it helps in thermoregulation for the testicle. The cremaster muscle contracts and relaxes to corresponding cooler and warmer temperatures. The cremaster muscle was formerly part of the internal oblique, therefore it is skeletal muscle. fascial sac (tunica vaginalis) The fascial sac or tunica vaginalis (translated this means "ensheathing coat") is formed from the aponeuroses of the abdominal muscles when the testis descends through the inguinal canal on its way to the scrotum. seminiferous tubules The seminiferous tubules are coiled microscopic tubes that produce spermatozoa. Although the initial phases of spermatogenesis begin during embryonic development, the actual production of spermatozoa is delayed until puberty. The epididymis is an accessory sex organ. It has embryological origins from the Wolffian duct. It is found posterior to the testis. The vas efferens enters the head of the epididymis and empties into the duct of the epididymis. The coiled tubes that make up the epididymis are about 20 feet long! Surrounding the tube is connective tissue. The tube emerges as the vas deferens from the tail of the epididymis and begins its course toward the spermatic cord and the external inguinal ring. The length of the tube is important as a storage place for spermatozoa, and it is in this tube that they mature, which includes the development of a flagellum. The spermatozoa spend about 20 days in the duct of the epididymis. The epididymis duct is important in absorbing testicular fluids and may add substances to nourish the spermatozoa. Smooth muscles in the walls of the epididymis contract during ejaculation causing the spermatozoa to move into the vas deferens. If there is no ejaculation, the spermatozoa stay there for up to several months after which they are phagocytized by the epithelial cells in the duct. tunica albuginea