Download Chapter 8 and 9 Outline

Mariah Young
Period 4
10/4/07
Chapter 8 and 9 Outline
Chapter 8
Section 1
A Land Of Great Potential
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Rome had spread its classical ideas, the Latin language, and Christianity to tribal people
of Western Europe.
Europe is small, although it has made a big impact
Europe contained many natural resources
Germanic Kingdoms
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Germanic tribes migrated throughout Europe, most successful: Franks.
481, Clovis, king of the Franks, conquered Gaul.
Clovis converted to Christianity, wins ally, Roman Catholic Church.
Islam: A New Mediterranean Power
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Islam sweeps out into the Middle East shortly after the Germanic tribes settle.
Muslim’s won victories around the Mediterranean
732, Charles Martel and the Frankish army defeat Islam. Islam stopped trying to win the
Mediterranean and controlled Spain instead
The Age of Charlemagne
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800, Charles Martel builds an empire reaching across France Germany, and part of Italy.
Pope Leo III names Charlemagne “emperor” after settling a rebellion
Charlemagne tried to create a united Christian Europe, used missi dominici as police over
nobles.
A Revival of Learning
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Charlemagne hoped to make his capital at Aachen, “a second Rome”
Charlemagne could read but not write, he noticed the decline in education
Charlemagne set up a school in Aachen and appointed a scholar, Alcuin
Charlemagne’s Legacy
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Charlemagne died in 814, his heirs battle for power.
843 Charlemagne’s grandsons create the Treaty of Verdun, splits the empire into three
regions.
Charlemagne left a lasting legacy
New Attacks
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Middle East finally subsided in Europe when power struggles occurred.
896, Magyars settled Hungary, overran eastern Europe, Germany, parts of France and
Italy, 50 years later were pushed back into Hungary.
Vikings crumbled the last of the unity in Charlemagne’s empire
A New System of Rule
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In response to a basic need of protection a new system called feudalism evolved
Feudalism was a loosely organized system of rule: Local lords divided land to vassals
which pledged loyalty to the greater lord
Lords, Vassals, and Knights
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Feudal society began with the monarch
Lords had vassals, while vassals had vassals, this made feudal relationships very
complicated, so each vassal pledged to a liege lord, which was his first loyalty
The World of Warriors
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At the age of seven a boy would begin his ruthless knight training, he would be dubbed at
age 21
Powerful lords built homes to withstand attack, by the 1100’s royalty began building
them bigger, called castles.
Noblewomen took the place of their husbands or father while they were out.
The Manor
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A manor was a lord’s estate, it included 1 or more villages and other estates that peasants
worked on
Peasants were tied to lords and had to serve a lifetime of labor, but were also given a plot
of land to farm for themselves
Peasants never had to travel far to get what they needed, it was all around the manor
Daily Life
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Peasants led a hard life, with long work days and meager meals
Peasants followed a seasonal schedule like farmers, few peasants live beyond the age of
35
Peasants found many occasions for celebration such as birthdays or weddings
A Spiritual and Worldly Empire
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After the fall of Rome, the Christian church split in two, one called the Roman Catholic
Church, run by the pope
The pope also ruled vast lands in central Italy
The church began its own laws and anyone who did not obey was excommunicated
The Church and Daily Life
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Christians had little or no contact with the pope or clergy, only their local priest
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Religion was part of the peasants daily routine, they took pride in decorating their local
churches
The church required people to pay a tithe in order to support itself
Monks and Nuns
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In 530 Benedict, a monk, started a set of rules called the Benedictine Rule where monks
and nuns pledged a life of purity, chastity, and obedience.
Monks and nuns provided hospitality to everyone, set up schools, and gave charity.
Monasteries and convents also preserved great writings of the past for future scholars
Hildegard of Bingen: Adviser to Popes and Kings
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Hildegard was a composer, writer, abbess, and adviser to great men and women.
Hildegard decided to become a nun at age 14 and became head of the convent at age 38,
she had seen a vision shortly after and began to write books
Hildegard became sage and prophet in 1147 and began to speak out about kings and
queens.
Reform Movements
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Moral decay began after the power grew, discipline weakened
900’s- Abbot Berno reformed the moral decay and brought discipline back
1073- Gregory VII extended reforms
Jews in Western Europe
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Sephardic Jews flowered in Muslim Spain
Christians blamed the Jews for the death of Jesus, creating anti-Semitism
Jews were used as the “fall man” for all the problems.
An Agricultural Revolution
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1000- economic recovery was well underway
800- peasants began to use new farming tools
3-field system, 1st- grain, 2nd- peas or beans, 3rd- left fallow
Trade Revives
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Warfare declined and trade arose. Caravans exchanged local goods for remote goods
Trade fairs were started so everyone could trade
Merchant towns were created for traders during winter. Merchants asked lords for
charters to set up their own town
A Commercial Revolution
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New methods of business were created such as partnership, insurance and bill exchange
1300-peasants were tenant farmers paying for rent rather than labor
1000- new social order, including now merchants, traders, and artisans (middle class)
Role of Guilds
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Guilds, associations, controlled life in medieval times, like a government
Becoming a member meant starting at the bottom working very hard
Women also joined guilds working just as hard as the men
City Life
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Cities were overcrowded and constantly had to rebuild walls to fit the growing city
City life was dim and unlit
Cities were smelly, noisy, dirty, and crowded
Looking Ahead
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1300 Western Europe had changed drastically
The new coming ideas and products would give a greater transformation
Women were thought as inferior to men on earth and were protected by the church
Chapter 9
Section 1
Monarchs, Nobles, and the Church
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Nobles and the church had the most power, but were jealous of the rising monarchy
power
Townspeople began to support royal rulers
1066- Duke William, Viking, takes position of ruler of the Saxons after death of king
Edward
Strong Monarchs in England
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William takes census of his kingdom, calling it the Domesday Book
1154 king Henry II took the throne and broadened the system of royal justice
Developed early jury system
Evolving Traditions of Government
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King Henrys son was a bad ruler, he created many enemies and faced many destructive
battles
1215- rebellious barons forced John to sign the Magna Carta
The Parliament helped king Edward and started the legislature
The idea of Parliament spread
Royal Success in France
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987 started a Capetian hereditary throne
French king Phillip Augustus strengthened royal government and quadrupled royal land
holding
1226- Louis IX one of the best rulers, very religious
Section 2
The Holy Roman Empire
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936- Duke Otto I of Saxony became king of Germany, similar to Charlemagne’s ways
German emperors had a struggle to control nobles
Popes wanted absolute power and get rid of emperor interference
Two Determined Rulers
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Pope Gregory VII and Henry IV argued over power and Gregory excommunicated Henry
1077 Gregory lifted the excommunication and Henry eventually took revenge
1122 Concordat of Worms settled the battles between pope and emperor power
New Struggles Between Popes and Emperors
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Barbarossa entangles German emperors in Italian affairs
Fredrick II spent little time ruling Germany and more time following his dreams
He gave in to many German noble demands and left Italy in chaos
The Church Under Innocent III
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1198- Innocent III took office and clashed with all powerful rulers
1209 Innocent launched a brutal crusade against southern France
papacy enters a period of decline
Section 3
The World in 1050
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Muslims spread ideas and acquire many new ones. India and China flourished with new
ideas and mathematical ways
China had a strong central government which influenced other neighboring countries
Africans traded many goods while America created great works of Native American art.
The Crusades
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The pope gathers an army to defeat the Seljuk’s called the crusaders
For 200 years crusaders fought and captured Jerusalem in 1099
Muslims fought for their lands back and by 1291, they had finally captured back their
home
Impact of the Crusades
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Increased trade, crusaders returned home with many luxurious goods
Crusades brought papal power to its greatest height and increased royal rule
Encouraged money economy and opened a view of the world that hadn’t been seen
before
The Crusading Spirit and the Reconquista
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1300 Christians ruled the Iberian Peninsula, and was influenced by Muslim culture
Ferdinand and Isabella joined two powerful kingdoms and tried to unify both of them
Many people fled in exile of the religious aspect of unification
Section 4
Medieval Universities
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1100’s schools sprung up for clergy training, and man other cities began to create schools
Students woke up at 5am and finished school at 5pm
Women were not allowed to participate in these Universities.
Europeans Acquire “New” Learning
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Universities reached new levels of knowledge during the high middle ages.
The Christians were threatened by the Greeks and their new ways of thinking and logic
and reason.
Although scholars made studies on Hippocrates and other philosophers, no real progress
was made in the medicine area.
Education for Women
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Few women received a good education.
Christine de Pizan was a writer and had three children to take care of. She was one of the
only women with a good education and could make a living on her own.
Women are still seen as odd creatures when it comes to education.
Medieval Literature
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All across Europe people started writing down the oral stories and traditions.
New writing began to appear in the vernacular.
There are many great works including Dante’s journey and Chaucer’s wit.
Splendor’s Stone
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There were about 1000 monasteries and towns built out of stone.
Abbot Suger wanted to build a new abbey church at St. Denis near Paris.
All of the Gothic churches became more popular and soared to new heights.
Section 5
The Black Death
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In fall of 1347, a fleet of Genoese trading ships loaded with grain left the Black sea port
of Caffa and sailed to Messina, Sicily.
Soon after the sailors started to get sick and were dropping like flies.
Soon after the ship had landed at Messina the villagers had gotten sick too, spreading the
disease to a new part for the land.
Upheaval in the Church
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The Church was not able to have a strong support in leadership.
There were new divisions within the Catholic Church that were rising and new rivalries
that became clear after Babylonian Captivity.
Many preachers stood in the way of the Church’s power, by fighting against the Church
corruption.
The Hundred Years’ War
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Between 1347 and 1453 England and France fought a series of conflicts known as the
Hundred Years’ War.
At first it seemed that the English were the stronger of the two.
Joan of Arc was a woman that led the French to victory after begging the king to let her
lead his troupes into battle claiming that God had sent her to save France.
Looking ahead
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The Hundred Years’ War brought many changes to the medieval times and has always
been seen as a major event in history.
In the 1400’s Europe did recover from the Black Death.
This recovery staged the evolution of the Renaissance, Reformation, and the Age of
Exploration.