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Chapter 20 1. The amniotic membranes may be considered to be a(n) __________ distinguishing reptiles, birds, and mammals from other vertebrates. A) synapomorphy B) symplesiomorphy C) analogy D) homology E) vestigial structure 2. A) B) C) D) E) Early members of the class Reptilia were the first to produce neotenic larvae. amniotic eggs. urea as a nitrogenous waste. tadpole larvae. isolecithal eggs. 3. Of all reptilian groups, which are in need of the greatest amount of international conservation efforts? A) lizards B) snakes C) turtles D) tuataras E) crocodilians 4. A) B) C) D) E) The anapsid lineage of reptiles is represented today by lizards. tuataras. snakes. turtles. crocodiles. 5. A) B) C) D) E) Reptiles of the __________ lineage lack openings in the temporal region of the skull. synapsid diapsid amphiapsid triapsid anapsid Page 1 6. Reptiles of the __________ lineage had upper and lower openings in the temporal region of the skull. A) diapsid B) amphiapsid C) anapsid D) synapsid E) triapsid 7. A) B) C) D) E) The skin of reptiles lacks chromatophores. is never shed. functions in respiration. is shed in order to grow. has mucus glands. 8. A) B) C) D) E) Lizards and snakes may lose their tails to escape from predators, known as ecdysis. molting. corneation. synapsis. autonomy. 9. A) B) C) D) E) Reptiles have a skin with scales made of silica. bone. CaCO3. keratin. chitin. 10. A) B) C) D) E) A group of synapsids called the therapsids gave rise to turtles. birds. snakes. lizards. mammals. 11. The __________ of the diapsid lineage included dinosaurs and many other extinct reptiles. A) archosaurs B) lepidosaurs C) ichthyosaurs D) plesiosaurs E) theriosaurs Page 2 12. A) B) C) D) E) Which of the following is not a characteristic of reptiles? respiration via lungs two condyles for articulation with the first neck vertebra metanephric kidneys internal fertilization amniotic eggs 13. A) B) C) D) E) Most reptiles lack vocal cords; indeed, vocalizations are only important to tuataras. snakes. crocodilians. lizards. amphisbaenids. 14. A) B) C) D) E) Members of three of the four living orders of reptiles are found on all continents except Asia. Africa. Australia. Antarctica. Europe. 15. A) B) C) D) E) Turtles belong to the reptilian order Squamata. Caudata. Rhynchocephalia. Crocodilia. Testudines. 16. A) B) C) D) E) The dorsal portion of a turtle shell is called the carapace. cephalothorax. plastron. sternum. dorsum. 17. A) B) C) D) E) The __________ makes up the ventral portion of the turtle shell. dorsum plastron sternum carapace scute Page 3 18. A) B) C) D) E) Worm lizards belong to the reptilian order Caudata. Chelonia. Squamata. Rhynchocephalia. Testudines. 19. A) B) C) D) E) Lizards belong to the suborder Serpentes. Chelonia. Amphisbaenia. Sauria. Caudata. 20. A) B) C) D) E) Which of the following is a venomous lizard? flying dragon gecko iguana chuckwalla Mexican beaded lizard 21. The __________ are distinguished from all other vertebrates by the presence of a single median tooth in the upper jaw. A) worm lizards B) chameleons C) geckos D) gila monsters E) tuataras 22. Tuataras have an extremely limited distribution; they are now limited only to a few islands off the shore of A) Australia. B) Ecuador. C) California. D) England. E) New Zealand. 23. A) B) C) D) E) The tuatara belongs to the reptilian order Squamata. Chelonia. Rhynchocephalia. Testudines. Caudata. Page 4 24. In the crocodilians, a plate of bone called the __________ separates the nasal and mouth passageways. A) sternohyoid B) pharynx C) nasopharynx D) secondary palate E) hyoid apparatus 25. A) B) C) D) E) Crocodilians are oviparous and display parental care of young that parallels that of bony fishes. sharks. placental mammals. amphibians. birds. 26. The first cervical vertebra of a reptile is the __________ which articulates with a single condyle on the skull. A) axis B) atlas C) initial D) servo E) scapula 27. A) B) C) D) E) Venom glands of snakes are modified thyroid glands. tongue papillae. taste buds. salivary glands. tooth sockets. 28. A) B) C) D) E) The African boomslang is an example of a(n) __________ snake. rigid-fanged hinge-fanged fangless venom less rear-fanged 29. A) B) C) D) E) Only in the __________ reptiles is the ventricular septum in the heart complete. crocodilian serpentilian saurian amphisbaenian chelonian Page 5 30. A) B) C) D) E) Most living reptiles are endothermic. ectothermic. homeothermic. isothermic. eurythermic. 31. In snakes and some lizards, upper and lower eyelids become fused in the embryo to form a protective window for clear skin, the A) nictitating membrane. B) iris. C) fovea. D) ciliary body. E) spectacle. 32. Among reptiles, a form of asexual reproduction known as __________ has been described in six families of lizards and one species of snake. A) biparentalism B) protandry C) protogyny D) hermaphroditism E) parthenogenesis 33. Reptiles that are usually solitary may migrate to common sites called __________ to spend the winter. A) torpor clines B) communes C) hibernacula D) aggregations E) sleep societies 34. A) B) C) D) E) Enlargement of cerebral hemispheres in reptiles is associated with improved memory capacity. better vision. improved muscular coordination. an improved sense of smell. better hearing. 35. __________ are used to analyze odor molecules brought into a snake's mouth by its forked tongue. A) Jacobson's organs B) Eustachian passages C) Semicircular canals D) Parietal eyes E) Pit organs Page 6 36. A) B) C) D) E) Many lizards have __________ glands beneath the eyes. excretory salt uric acid ammonia water Page 7