Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
List of important publications in mathematics wikipedia , lookup
Laws of Form wikipedia , lookup
Location arithmetic wikipedia , lookup
Horner's method wikipedia , lookup
System of polynomial equations wikipedia , lookup
Vincent's theorem wikipedia , lookup
Factorization of polynomials over finite fields wikipedia , lookup
Int. Alg. Notes Section 5.3 Page 1 of 5 Section 5.3: Dividing Polynomials; Synthetic Division Big Idea: Polynomials are the most important topic in algebra because any equation that can be written using addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, integer powers, or roots (which are rational powers) can be solved by converting the equation into a polynomial equation. The third step toward acquiring this awesome power is to be able to divide polynomials. Big Skill: You should be able to divide polynomials using long division and, when appropriate, synthetic division. Dividing a polynomial by a monomial: Divide the monomial into each term of the polynomial, and cancel when possible. Practice: 24 z 5 1. 18 z 2 2. 9 p 4 12 p3 3 p 2 3p 3. x 4 y 4 8 x 2 y 2 4 xy 4 x3 y Algebra is: the study of how to perform multi-step arithmetic calculations more efficiently, and the study of how to find the correct number to put into a multi-step calculation to get a desired answer. Int. Alg. Notes Section 5.3 Page 2 of 5 Dividing a polynomial by a polynomial using long division: Long division of polynomials is a lot like long division of numbers: a. Arrange divisor and dividend around the dividing symbol, and be sure to write them in descending order of powers with all terms explicitly stated (even the terms with zero coefficients). b. Divide leading terms, then multiply and subtract. c. Repeat until a remainder of order less than the divisor is obtained. Compute 579 ÷ 16 Comparison between dividing integers and dividing polynomials Dividend Remainder Quotient Divisor Divisor Compute (5x2 + 7x +9) ÷ (x + 6) Practice: 6 x3 7 x 2 6 x 6 1. 2x 1 Algebra is: the study of how to perform multi-step arithmetic calculations more efficiently, and the study of how to find the correct number to put into a multi-step calculation to get a desired answer. Int. Alg. Notes 2. Section 5.3 Page 3 of 5 8 9 x 2 x 2 12 x3 5 x5 x2 3 Dividing a polynomial by a binomial using synthetic division: THIS IS A SHORTCUT THAT ONLY WORKS WHEN THE DIVISOR IS A LINEAR BINOMIAL (I.E., THE DIVISOR IS x – c) !!! Synthetic division is a shorthand way to divide a polynomial by the linear factor x – c: a. Write c outside the division bar and the coefficients of the dividend inside the bar. b. Bring the leading coefficient of the dividend straight down. c. Compute c times the number in the bottom row, and write the answer in the middle row to the right. d. Add and repeat until all coefficients are used up. Comparison between long and synthetic division of polynomials Compute (2x – 3x – 4x + 11) ÷ (x – 2) using long Compute (2x3 – 3x2 – 4x + 11) ÷ (x – 2) using division. synthetic division. 3 2 Algebra is: the study of how to perform multi-step arithmetic calculations more efficiently, and the study of how to find the correct number to put into a multi-step calculation to get a desired answer. Int. Alg. Notes Section 5.3 Page 4 of 5 Practice: 2 x3 x 2 7 x 13 1. x2 2. x 4 8 x3 15 x 2 2 x 6 x3 3. 3x 2 4 x 7 2x 5 Definition: Quotient of Functions If f and g are two functions, then the new function that can be made by taking their quotient is called f x f defined as: x , provided g(x) 0. g x g f , and is g Practice: f f 1. If f x x3 2 x2 4 x 5 and g x x 2 , find x and 3 . g g Algebra is: the study of how to perform multi-step arithmetic calculations more efficiently, and the study of how to find the correct number to put into a multi-step calculation to get a desired answer. Int. Alg. Notes Section 5.3 Page 5 of 5 The Remainder Theorem If the polynomial P(x) is divided by x – c, then the remainder is the value P(c). This is because when we divide a polynomial by x – c, the remainder must be of degree less than x – c, which means the remainder has degree of zero, which is just a numeric constant R. So: Dividend Remainder Quotient Divisor Divisor P x R Q x xc xc P x R x c Q x x c xc xc P x Q x x c R P c Q c c c R R P c Practice: 1. Use the remainder theorem to find the remainder when f x 3x3 2x 6 is divided by x 2 . The Factor Theorem If P(x) is a polynomial function, then x – c is a factor of P(x) if and only if R = P(c) = 0. In other words, if P(c) = 0, then P(x) can be written as P(x) = (x – c)(Quotient(x)). (This can be used to see if a divisor divides evenly into a dividend quickly.) Practice: 1. Use the factor theorem to determine whether f x 2x3 x2 16x 15 is divisible by x – 2 and x + 3. Algebra is: the study of how to perform multi-step arithmetic calculations more efficiently, and the study of how to find the correct number to put into a multi-step calculation to get a desired answer.