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Philosophy
Module II. Philosophical gnoceology
1. Gnoseology (epistemology) is …
A. the study of being
B. the study of sources, essence and laws of development
C. the study of man
D. theory of knowledge, study of the essence, forms and principles of cognition and thinking
E. the study of values, including Aesthetics, Ethics and political philosophy
ANSWER: D
2. Metaphysics is …
A. the study of being
B. the study of values, including Aesthetics, Ethics and political philosophy
C. the study of sources, essence and laws of development
D. theory of knowledge, study of the essence, forms and principles of cognition and thinking
E. concerned with such issues as the nature of the ultimate reality, philosophy of religion,
philosophy of mind, personal identity, freedom of will and immortality
ANSWER: E
3. Who is a founder of Empirism in philosophy?
A. Rene Descartes
B. Gottfried Leibniz
C. John Locke
D. There is no correct answer
E. Francis Bacon
ANSWER: E
4. Who distinguished 3 levels of cognition: sensual, logical and intuition?
A. G. Leibniz
B. Voltaire
C. D. Diderot
D. J.-J. Rousseau
E. Spinoza
ANSWER: E
5. Leibniz doctrine about world building was called...
A. Atomism
B. Monadology
C. Methodology
D. There is no correct answer
E. Empirism
ANSWER: B
6. “To be means to be apprehended”, who told this?
A. F. Bacon
B. Voltaire
C. R. Descartes
D. There is no correct answer
E. D. Hume
ANSWER: C
7. English statesman, philosopher, and scientist. His emphasis on the observation and
classification of the natural world laid the basis of the inductive method of scientific
research.
A. G. Leibniz
B. Voltaire
C. D. Diderot
D. There is no correct answer
E. F. Bacon
ANSWER: E
8. French philosopher, writer, and critic. A leading figure of the Enlightenment, he was
chief editor of the Encyclopedie, through which he spread and popularized philosophy
and scientific knowledge.
A. R. Descartes
B. F. Bacon
C. D. Diderot
D. There is no correct answer
E. Voltaire
ANSWER: C
9. French philosopher and writer, born in Switzerland. He believed that civilization warps
the fundamental goodness of human nature, but that the ill effects can be moderated by
active participation in democratic politics.
A. Spinoza Baruch
B. Voltaire
C. J.-J. Rousseau
D. There is no correct answer
E. D. Hume
ANSWER: C
10. Who is a founder of critical idealism?
A. G. Hegel
B. L. Feuerbach
C. J. Fichte
D. There is no correct answer
E. I. Kant
ANSWER: E
11. How many periods of Kant’s philosophical work we can distinguish?
A. 3
B. 4
C. 2
D. There is no correct answer
E. 5
ANSWER: C
12. “Every event must have a reason”.
A. I. Kant
B. G. Hegel
C. K. Marx
D. F. Engels
E. L. Feuerbach
ANSWER: A
13. One of the main features of the Marxist philosophy is...
A. man is a nature
B. man is a part of nature
C. man is a center of nature
D. there is no correct answer
E. nature is a part of man
ANSWER: E
14. German philosopher. He believed that each stage of history is composed of a thesis,
which is contradicted by an antithesis, out of whose conflict there emerges a new thesis,
which is opposed by a new antithesis, and so on.
A. Kant
B. J. Fichte
C. L. Feuerbach
D. There is no correct answer
E. G. Hegel
ANSWER: E
15. German political philosopher and economist, resident in England from 1849. The founder
of modern communism with Friedrich Engels, he collaborated with him in the writing of
the Communist Manifesto, and enlarged it in Das Kapital.
A. I. Kant
B. G. Hegel
C. K. Marx
D. There is no correct answer
E. J. Fichte
ANSWER: C
16. Who is “a prophet of the XXth c.” in modern philosophy?
A. K. Marx
B. K. Yung
C. Z. Freud
D. There is no correct answer
E. F. Nietzsche
ANSWER: E
17. Who compared human psyche with iceberg?
A. K. Marx
B. K. Yung
C. F. Nietzsche
D. F. Engels
E. Z. Freud
ANSWER: E
18. “Push the falling one”, who told this?
A. F. Nietzsche
B. K. Yung
C. K. Marx
D. There is no correct answer
E. Z. Freud
ANSWER: A
19. Austrian neurologist and psychotherapist, founder of psychoanalysis and pioneer in the
study of the influence that the unconscious element of the mind has on consciousness.
Who is this?
A. F. Nietzsche
B. I. Kant
C. L. Feuerbach
D. There is no correct answer
E. Z. Freud
ANSWER: E
20. German philosopher. He rejected Christianity’s compassion for the weak, and formulated
the idea of the Ubermensch (superman), who can rise above the restrictions of ordinary
morality.
A. I. Kant
B. L. Feuerbach
C. J. Fichte
D. There is no correct answer
E. F. Nietzsche
ANSWER: E
21. The belief that nothing has any values, especially religious and moral principles is…
A. Existentialism
B. Empirism
C. Nihilism
D. There is no correct answer
E. Romanticism
ANSWER: C
22. French philosopher, novelist, dramatist, and essayist. His works include the novels The
Outsider and The Plague, which give expression to his view that the universe and life are
meaningless.
A. K. Marx
B. A. Camus
C. J.-P. Sartre
D. F. Engels
E. J. Fichte
ANSWER: B
23. French philosopher, novelist, and dramatist. A leading existentialist, he dealt in his work
with the nature of human life and the structure of consciousness. His works include the
novel Nausee and the treatise Being and Nothingness.
A. A. Camus
B. J. Fichte
C. K. Marx
D. There is no correct answer
E. J.-P. Sartre
ANSWER: E
24. A system of philosophy that recognize only things that can be scientifically or logically
proved is …
A. Existentialism
B. Nihilism
C. Romanticism
D. There is no correct answer
E. Positivism
ANSWER: E
25. “World was catching me but has not caught”.
A. T. Shevchenko
B. I. Franko
C. P. Kulish
D. There is no correct answer
E. H. Skovoroda
ANSWER: E
26. Professional philosophy appeared in Ukraine in...
A. Monasteries
B. Universities
C. Kiev-Mohyla academy
D. There is no correct answer
E. Schools
ANSWER: C
27. Where is Kiev-Mohyla academy situated?
A. In Lviv
B. In Kiev
C. In London
D. In Paris
E. In Ternopil
ANSWER: B
28. Art of communication, art of argumentation, science of logic – in philosophy is …
A. Dialectic
B. Metaphysics
C. A priori
D. There is no correct answer
E. Verification
ANSWER: A
29. Philosophy concerned with abstract ideas such as the nature of existence, truth, and
knowledge. Origin from Greek, referring to the Sequence of Aristotle’s work is …
A. Verification
B. Dialectic
C. A priori
D. There is no correct answer
E. Metaphysics
ANSWER: E
30. The art of investigating or debating the truth of options is …
A. Communication
B. Verification
C. Dialectic
D. There is no correct answer
E. Metaphysics
ANSWER: C
31. In the Logic Hegel describes a dialectic of … .
A. Consciousness
B. Practice
C. Philosophy
D. There is no correct answer
E. Existence
ANSWER: E
32. Whose is this model: “thesis – antithesis – synthesis”?
A. Fichte
B. Kant
C. Marx
D. Engels
E. Hegel
ANSWER: E
33. In philosophy, method of investigating the nature of truth by critical analysis of concepts
and hypotheses.
A. Logic
B. Ontology
C. Anthropology
D. Dialectic
E. Axiology
ANSWER: D
34. At the heart of … dialectics is the idea of contradiction, with class struggle playing the
central role in social and political life.
A. Fichtean
B. Hegelian
C. Buddhist
D. There is no correct answer
E. Marxist
ANSWER: E
35. The ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle produced a number of works, which together
were called …
A. Dialectic
B. Logic
C. Physics
D. There is no correct answer
E. Metaphysics
ANSWER: C
36. The metaphysics was divided into … parts, now regarded as the traditional branches of
Western metaphysics.
A. 2
B. 4
C. 5
D. There is no correct answer
E. 3
ANSWER: E
37. … is the study of existence; it has been traditionally defined as “the science of being qua
being”, where the Latin word qua is usually translated “as”.
A. Theology
B. Metaphysics
C. Universal science
D. There is no correct answer
E. Ontology
ANSWER: E
38. In classical philosophy, … is an exchange of proposition and counter-propositions
resulting in a synthesis of the opposing assertions, or at least a qualitative transformation
in the direction of the dialogue.
A. Metaphysics
B. Logic
C. Dialectic
D. There is no correct answer
E. Physics
ANSWER: C
39. … is a philosopher who views the world in terms of completely opposites and the
interactions thereof.
A. Metaphysician
B. Sociologist
C. Empiricist
D. There is no correct answer
E. Dialectician
ANSWER: E
40. Historically, dialecticians and dialectical thought have been primarily associated with …
A. Darwinism
B. Marxism
C. Positivism
D. There is no correct answer
E. Empirism
ANSWER: B
41. Branch of philosophy concerned with the nature of ultimate reality. It is …
A. Dialectic
B. Logic
C. Axiology
D. Epistemology
E. Metaphysics
ANSWER: E
42. In the work of the German philosopher …, the universe is held to consist of an infinite
number of distinct substances, or monads.
A. I. Kant
B. F. Engels
C. H. Spencer
D. K. Marx
E. G. Leibniz
ANSWER: E
43. He developed a distinctive critical philosophy called transcendentalism.
A. G. Leibniz
B. H. Spencer
C. G. Hegel
D. I. Kant
E. A. Comte
ANSWER: D
44. Truth can be...
A. Absolute, relative, objective
B. Objective and non-objective.
C. Individual and public
D. There is no correct answer
E. Relative, religious
ANSWER: A
45. Empirical methods of cognition include …
A. Axioms and theories.
B. Analysis and synthesis
C. Physical and chemical
D. There is no correct answer
E. Observation, experiment and modeling
ANSWER: E
46. The ability of the mind to be creative or solve problems; the ability to form ideas or
images in the mind is …
A. Creativity
B. Faith
C. Cognition
D. There is no correct answer
E. Imagination
ANSWER: E
47. This science studies problems of the nature of cognitive activity and possibilities, relation
of knowledge to reality, defines conditions of liability is …
A. Dialectic
B. Ontology
C. Gnoseology
D. There is no correct answer
E. Axiology
ANSWER: C
48. Basic forms of cognition are: …
A. Theoretical and practical
B. Empiric and theoretical
C. Empiric and practical
D. There is no correct answer
E. Sensory and traditional
ANSWER: E
49. Basic levels of cognition are: …
A. Sensory and traditional
B. Theoretical and practical
C. Empiric and practical
D. There is no correct answer
E. Empiric and theoretical
ANSWER: E
50. Who distinguished three main ways of cognition: “way of spider”, “way of ant” and “way
of bee”?
A. Aristotle
B. Confucius
C. F. Bacon
D. There is no correct answer
E. H. Skovoroda
ANSWER: C
51. Who divided logic into general (formal) and transcendental?
A. A. Comte
B. F. Bacon
C. Aristotle
D. There is no correct answer
E. I. Kant
ANSWER: E
52. Who inserted practice to contextual gnoseological problems, made it the central category
of logic?
A. F. Bacon
B. G. Hegel
C. K. Marx
D. There is no correct answer
E. I. Kant
ANSWER: B
53. Who introduced dialectic-material gnoseology?
A. K. Marx and F. Engels
B. K. Popper
C. F. Bacon
D. There is no correct answer
E. G. Hegel
ANSWER: A
54. A purposed explanation based on limited evidence, used as a starting point for further
investigation is …
A. Practice
B. Law
C. Problem
D. There is no correct answer
E. Hypothesis
ANSWER: E
55. For the …, beginning with the English philosophers Francis Bacon and John Locke, the
main source and final test of knowledge was sense perception.
A. Sophists
B. Legalists
C. Realists
D. There is no correct answer
E. Empiricists
ANSWER: E
56. The American school of …, founded by the philosophers Charles Sanders Peirce,
William James, and John Dewey at the turn of this century, carried empiricism further by
maintaining that knowledge is an instrument of action and that all beliefs should be
judged by their usefulness as rules for predicting experiences.
A. Empirism
B. Sophism
C. Pragmatism
D. Platonism
E. Legalism
ANSWER: C
57. The … argued that one has direct perceptions of physical objects or parts of physical
objects, rather than of one's own mental states.
A. Realists
B. Phenomenalists
C. Critical realists
D. Empiricists
E. Neorealists
ANSWER: E
58. The study of human origins, societies, and cultures is …
A. Ontology
B. Axiology
C. Anthropology
D. There is no correct answer
E. Anthropocentrism
ANSWER: C
59. The quality or character of a person or thing that makes them different from others is …
A .Personality
B. Communication
C. Stereotype
D. There is no correct answer
E. Individuality
ANSWER: E
60. The ability to grow, breathe, reproduce, etc. that distinguishes animals and planets from
objects; the existence of an individual human being or animal is …
A. Death
B. Cognition
C. Life
D. There is no correct answer
E. Being
ANSWER: C
61. The action or fact of dying; an instance of a person or an animal dying; the end of
something is …
A. Life
B. Being
C .Cognition
D.There is no correct answer
E. Death
ANSWER: E
62. The power or right to act, speak, or think; the state of not being subject to or affected by
(something undesirable) is …
A. Will
B. Despotism
C. Terrorism
D. There is no correct answer
E. Freedom
ANSWER: E
63. Philosophical anthropology is …
A. the study of being
B. the study of sources, essence and laws of development
C. theory of knowledge, study of the essence, forms and principles of cognition and thinking
D. the study of man
E. there is no correct answer
ANSWER: D
64. .… can be characterized as the naturalistic description and interpretation of the diverse
peoples of the world.
A. Philosophy
B. Sociology
C. Metaphysics
D. There is no correct answer
E. Anthropology
ANSWER: E
65. … anthropology deals with the study of human culture in all aspects.
A. Physical
B. Natural
C. Usual
D. There is no correct answer
E. Cultural
ANSWER: E
66. … anthropology is the study of human physical character.
A. Natural
B. Cultural
C. Physical
D. There is no correct answer
E. Usual
ANSWER: C
67. … anthropology includes Archaeology, Ethnology, Social Anthropology and Linguistics.
A. Philosophical
B. Physical
C. Critical
D. There is no correct answer
E. Cultural
ANSWER: E
68. … anthropology is the discipline that seeks to unify the several empirical investigations
of human nature in an effort to understand individuals as both creatures of their
environment and creators of their own values.
A. Cultural
B. Physical
C. Philosophical
D. Theoretical
E. Social
ANSWER: C
69. … anthropological studies often focus on one particularly important ritual or symbol
within a society.
A. Cognitive
B. Methodological
C. Practical
D. Critical
E. Symbolic
ANSWER: E
70. … wrote on the moral qualities of “primitive” societies and about human inequality.
A. A. Comte
B. I. Kant
C. D. Hume
D. J. Locke
E. J.-J. Rousseau
ANSWER: E
71. Some physical anthropologists specialize in …, the study of disease and health among
large groups of people.
A. Orthography
B. Epidemiology
C. Gnoseology
D. Epistemology
E. Genealogies
ANSWER: B
72. As a person every human being has some positions in the social system. Each of these
positions, foreseeing the rights and obligations, is called …
A. Stereotype
B. Value
C. Class
D. There is no correct answer
E. Status
ANSWER: E
73. The study of the behavior and physiology of nonhuman primates, is a specialized area of
interest within physical anthropology is …
A. Sociology
B. Biology
C. Physics
D. Anthropology
E. Primatology
ANSWER: E
74. Some physical anthropologists specialize in … science, the study of scientific evidence
for legal cases.
A. social
B. physical
C. forensic
D. there is no correct answer
E. natural
ANSWER: C
75. The remains of items made by past humans, such as tools, pottery, and buildings are …
A. fossils
B. books
C. tables
D. there is no correct answer
E. artifacts
ANSWER: E
76. … is a set of cultural objects.
A. Imagination
B. Practice
C. Metaphysics
D. Dialectic
E. Culture
ANSWER: E
77. … comprise ideas about what in life seems important.
A. Norms
B. Artifacts
C. Philosophy
D. Values
E. Theory
ANSWER: D
78. The best-known opponents of civilization are … who have voluntarily chosen to live
outside it.
A. Trees
B. Flowers
C. Animals
D. Fish
E. People
ANSWER: E
79. Who argued that the beginning of civilization was the beginning of oppression and
exploitation?
A. G. Hegel
B. H. Spencer
C. Voltaire
D. F.Bacon
E. K. Marx
ANSWER: E
80. A community of people living in a country or region, and having shared customs, laws,
and organizations is …
A. Race
B. Society
C. Consciousness
D. Group
E. Nation
ANSWER: B
81. Actions within the limits of the fixed rules or free. What is a feature of social roles?
A. Emotional
B. Scale
C. Motivation
D. There is no correct answer
E. Formalization
ANSWER: E
82. This status foresees essential and relatively stable man characteristics (man, woman,
childhood, youth, oldness, etc.).
A. Professional
B. Social
C. Internal
D. External
E. Natural
ANSWER: E
83. Group of people who are related to one another by bonds of blood, marriage, or adoption
and who live to_gether, form an economic unit, and bear and raise children is …
A. Marriage
B. Divorce
C. Kinship
D. There is no correct answer
E. Family
ANSWER: E
84. The main social function of the family, which related with the reproduction of population
of the country, is …
A. Upbringing
B. Reproductive
C. Public
D. There is no correct answer
E. Procreative
ANSWER: B
85. Who divided people into three classes: rich (do not want to give), poor (have nothing to
give) and middle class (“rescuers of the state”).
A. Aristotle
B. Plato
C. Socrates
D. There is no correct answer
E. Euripides
ANSWER: E
86. According to the criteria of social direction there are … mobilities.
A. Practical and theoretical
B. Empirical and practical
C. Social and public
D. There is no correct answer
E. Horizontal and vertical
ANSWER: E
87. A collection of people distinguished, by others or by themselves, primarily on the basis
of cultural or nationality characteristics is …
A. Race
B. Nation
C. Society
D. There is no correct answer
E. Ethnic group
ANSWER: E
88. A category of people who have been singled out as inferior or superior, often on the basis
of physical characteristics such as skin color, hair texture, and eye shape is …
A. Nation
B. Society
C. Ethnic group
D. Group
E. Race
ANSWER: E
89. The ability to see the relationship between individual experiences and the larger society is
…
A. Social consciousness
B. Social level
C. Social imagination
D. There is no correct answer
E. Social policy
ANSWER: C
90. Overgeneralization about the appearance, behav_ior, or other characteristics of all
members of a group is …
A. Racism
B. Discrimination
C. Prejudice
D. There is no correct answer
E. Stereotype
ANSWER: E
91. The belief that some racial or ethnic groups are superior whereas others are inferior is …
A. Discrimination
B. Stereotype
C. Prejudice
D. There is no correct answer
E. Racism
ANSWER: E
92. A negative attitude based on faulty generalizations about members of selected racial and
ethnic groups is …
A. Stereotype
B. Prejudice
C. Discrimination
D. There is no correct answer
E. Racism
ANSWER: B
93. Who inserted practice to contextual gnoseological problems, made it the central category
of logic?
A. F. Bacon
B. I. Kant
C. K. Marx
D. There is no correct answer
E. G. Hegel
ANSWER: E
94. One’s awareness of something is …
A. Will
B. Freedom
C. Thinking
D. Ability
E. Consciousness
ANSWER: E
95. Who understood philosophy as cosmos?
A. Ancient Rome
B. Ancient India
C. Ancient Greek
D. There is no correct answer
E. Ancient China
ANSWER: C
96. The other notion of the universe is …
A. Planet
B. Star
C. Sky
D. There is no correct answer
E. Methagalaxy
ANSWER: E
97. Who told that the world is an objective intellect and according to logic is very close to
subjective man’s intellect?
A. Bacon
B. Hegel
C. Skovoroda
D. There is no correct answer
E. Kant
ANSWER: B
98. Who introduced the notion “antinomies” into the Western philosophy?
A.
I. Kant
B.
F. Shelling
C.
J. Fichte
D.
F. Nietzsche
E.
Karl Marx
ANSWER: A
99. Who introduced the notion “things in itself”?
A.
I. Kant
B.
F. Shelling
C.
J. Fichte
D.
F. Nietzsche
E.
Karl Marx
ANSWER: A
100. Who introduced the term “overman, superman” into philosophy?
A.
Kierkegaard
B.
Marx
C.
Nietzsche
D.
Freud
E.
Schopenhauer
ANSWER: C