Download Essentials of Anatony and Physiology, 5e (Martini

2nd Semester Final Exam Study Guide
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The exam will consist of 96 questions and will be worth one-fourth (25%) of your semester grade.
Chapter 8: The Nervous System
1. What are the functions of neuroglia?
2. Clusters of neuron cell bodies form…
3. Neurons that monitor the internal and external environment and relay information to the brain and spinal cord are…
4. What are the steps of an action potential? (fig 8-8)
5. The all-or-none principle states that…
6. What does the sodium-potassium pump do?
7. What is the proper sequence of events at a cholinergic synapse? (fig 8-11)
8. In which part of the brain are centers concerned with autonomic control of breathing, blood pressure, heart rate, and
digestive activities located?
9. The region of the brain that is involved in conscious thought and intellectual function as well as processing somatic
sensory and motor information is the…
10. The region of the brain responsible for controlling emotions and drives is the…
11. The _________ is/are responsible for subconscious somatic control of muscle tone and learned movement patterns.
12. What are the functions of the hypothalamus?
13. Which division of the autonomic nervous system stimulates the fight or flight response?
Chapter 10: The Endocrine System
14. How do the effects of hormones compare and contrast with those of the nervous system?
15. How do steroid and thyroid hormones alter enzyme activity and protein structure of target cells?
16. In what ways does the hypothalamus control endocrine activity?
17. Decrease levels of what hormone cause frequent urination characteristic of diabetes insipidus?
18. What is the function of the thyroid hormones thyroxine and triiodothyronine? What is the calorigenic effect?
19. What are the functions of parathyroid hormone and calcitonin?
20. In what ways does the body respond to a decline in blood calcium levels? (consider activity of hormones, bones, and kidneys)
21. What problems may result from low levels of calcium in the blood?
22. Which hormones are released from the pancreas when blood glucose levels rise or fall in the blood?
23. Which hormone(s) cause the increased metabolic activity associated with the fight or flight response?
24. Which hormones stimulate egg maturation within the ovaries?
25. Diabetes mellitus is caused by the inability to produce (type I) or respond to (type II)…
Chapters 11-13: The Cardiovascular System
26. More than 90% of plasma proteins are made by the…
27. What is the function of white blood cells?
28. What is a condition in which the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood is reduced due to low erythrocyte levels?
29. In adults, erythropoiesis primarily takes place in the…
30. Which vitamins and minerals are required for normal erythropoiesis?
31. What condition results when gallstones cause the buildup of bilirubin in peripheral tissues?
32. What types of antigens and/or antibodies (agglutinins) does a person with type AB blood have?
33. Calcium ions and ______________ affect almost every aspect of the clotting process in hemostasis.
34. The right ventricle pumps blood to the…
35. What are the functions of the atria, ventricles, and valves of the heart?
36. The left and right coronary arteries carry blood to the…
37. What are the functions of the arteries, capillaries, and veins?
38. How do plasma proteins that remain in the blood capillaries affect blood osmotic pressure?
39. What factors help blood to flow through the veins back to the heart?
40. How do ADH, angiotensin II, and atrial natriuretic peptide affect blood pressure/volume? (increase or decrease?)
41. _______ causes an increase in blood volume and oxygen-carrying ability by stimulating the production of red blood cells.
42. What is systole? What is diastole?
43. Where is the heart’s pacemaker? What does it mean that pacemaker cells operate with automaticity?
Chapter 14: The Lymphoid and Immune System
44. What is the function of B cells?
45. Lymphatics collect fluid from peripheral tissues and carry it to…
46. Lymphoid stem give rise to T cells that migrate to the ________ to complete development and maturation.
47. The ________ is/are responsible for filtering and purifying the lymph.
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What are the functions of the spleen?
What are the reasons the body carries out the inflammatory response? What does the inflammatory response accomplish?
The body's nonspecific defenses include…
Lymphocytes that are involved in removing cancer cells through immunological surveillance are…
The first line of cellular defense against pathogens is…
Cells that coordinate specific defenses and stimulate the immune response are called...
After activation, B cells differentiate into…
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) that causes AIDS selectively infects and destroys which type of cells?
What is immunodeficiency? What is an autoimmune disorder? What are allergies?
What does specificity mean in with regard to T and B cells?
Chapter 15: The Respiratory System
58. What are the functions of the respiratory system?
59. What is the function of the conducting portion of the respiratory tract?
60. Where do the cilia of the respiratory tract sweep mucus?
61. What symptom results from cystic fibrosis that may make breathing difficult?
62. What types of cells are found in the alveoli?
63. The actual sites of gas exchange within the lungs are the …
64. The force responsible for normal inspiration during quiet breathing is supplied by the…
65. In what ways is carbon dioxide transported through the blood?
66. What reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme carbonic anhydrase?
67. The most important chemical regulator of respiration is…
68. How does hyperventilation affect blood PCO2? How does PCO2 affect pH?
69. How does PCO2 in the alveoli compare to PCO2 in the blood arriving in the pulmonary arteries?
70. How does PO2 in arterial blood of the systemic circuit compare to the PO2 in interstitial fluid of peripheral tissues?
Chapter 16: The Digestive System
71. What are the components of saliva?
72. Functions of the stomach include…
73. The release of the hormone gastrin by the pylorus and duodenum initiates what responses?
74. What are the functions of HCl in the stomach?
75. What is the purpose for plicae circulares, intestinal villi, and microvilli in the small intestine?
76. The digestive organ that performs 90% of nutrient absorption is the…
77. Which organ secretes digestive enzymes and buffers into the digestive tract?
78. What are the functions of the liver?
79. What is the function of bile?
80. What are the functions of the gallbladder?
81. What are the functions of the large intestine?
82. Toxins absorbed through the digestive tract are processed by the ________ and excreted at the ________.
83. The liver contains enzymes that catalyze carbon dioxide to react with ammonia, a toxic substance, to produce a harmless
nitrogen-containing byproduct called _______ that is excreted in the urine.
84. What is the purpose of intrinsic factor?
Chapter 18: The Urinary System
85. Functions of the urinary system include…
86. The filtration membrane, through which solutes and plasma must pass, consists of …
87. The primary function of the proximal convoluted tubule is…
88. The primary function of the distal convoluted tubule is…
89. What is the effect of aldosterone on urine production and composition?
90. The juxtaglomerular complex responds to a decline in blood pressure and volume and low oxygen levels by secreting…
91. Which hormone regulates the amount of potassium secreted by the kidneys?
92. The most abundant cation (positively charged ion) in the ECF is…
93. Homeostasis of levels of electrolytes like calcium, sodium, potassium, and magnesium primarily reflects…
94. Renal compensation regulates pH by…
95. Acid-base buffer systems minimize pH changes by…
96. Within the nephron, what is secretion? What is reabsorption?
97. Why does filtration occur at the glomerulus? (how do the diameters of the afferent and efferent arterioles differ?)