Download Essentials of Anatony and Physiology, 5e (Martini

2nd Semester Final Exam Study Guide
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The exam will consist of 82 questions and will be worth one-fourth (25%) of your semester grade.
Chapter 8: The Nervous System
1. What are the functions of neuroglia?
2. Clusters of neuron cell bodies form…
3. What are the functions of sensory neurons, interneurons, and motor neurons?
4. Tetrodotoxin blocks membrane sodium channels from opening. What effect would this have on the function of neurons?
5. What does the sodium-potassium pump do?
6. What is the proper sequence of events at a cholinergic synapse? (fig 8-11)
7. In which part of the brain are centers concerned with autonomic control of breathing, blood pressure, heart rate, and
digestive activities located?
8. The region of the brain that is involved in conscious thought and intellectual function as well as processing somatic
sensory and motor information is the…
9. The region of the brain responsible for controlling emotions and drives is the…
10. The _________ is/are responsible for subconscious somatic control of muscle tone and learned movement patterns.
11. What are the functions of the hypothalamus?
12. Which division of the autonomic nervous system stimulates the fight or flight response?
Chapter 10: The Endocrine System
13. How do the effects of hormones compare and contrast with those of the nervous system?
14. How do steroid and thyroid hormones alter enzyme activity and protein structure of target cells?
15. Frequent urination (polyuria) characteristic of diabetes insipidus results from decreased levels of which hormone?
16. What is the function of the thyroid hormones thyroxine and triiodothyronine (the calorigenic effect)?
17. In what ways does the body respond to a decline in blood calcium levels? (consider activity of hormones, bones, and kidneys)
18. How do low calcium levels affect the permeability of cells to sodium? What might this cause?
19. Which hormones are released from the pancreas when blood glucose levels rise in the blood? when they fall?
20. Which hormone(s) cause the increased metabolic activity associated with the fight or flight response?
21. Which hormones stimulate egg maturation within the ovaries?
22. Diabetes mellitus is caused by the inability to produce (type I) or respond to (type II)…
Chapters 11-13: The Cardiovascular System
23. More than 90% of plasma proteins are made by the…
24. What is a condition in which the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood is reduced due to low erythrocyte (RBC) levels?
25. In adults, erythropoiesis primarily takes place in the…
26. Which vitamins and minerals are required for normal erythropoiesis?
27. Jaundice results from the buildup of ___________ in peripheral tissues following the breakdown of hemoglobin by
macrophages in the spleen, liver, and bone marrow.
28. What types of antigens and/or antibodies (agglutinins) does a person with type AB blood have?
29. What is the function of white blood cells?
30. Calcium ions and vitamin ______ affect almost every aspect of the clotting process in hemostasis.
31. The right ventricle pumps blood to the…
32. What are the functions of the atria, ventricles, and valves of the heart?
33. The left and right coronary arteries carry blood to the…
34. What are the functions of the arteries, capillaries, and veins?
35. Which hormone responds to low oxygen levels in the blood by stimulating the production of red blood cells?
36. What is systole? What is diastole?
37. Where is the heart’s pacemaker? What does it mean that pacemaker cells operate with automaticity?
Chapter 14: The Lymphoid and Immune System
38. What is the function of B cells?
39. Lymphatics collect fluid from peripheral tissues and carry it to…
40. The ________ is/are responsible for filtering and purifying the lymph.
41. What are the functions of the spleen?
42. What occurs during the inflammatory response?
43. Lymphocytes that are involved in removing cancer cells through immunological surveillance are…
44. The first line of cellular defense against pathogens is…
45. Which cells coordinate specific and nonspecific defenses and stimulate cell-mediated and humoral immunity?
46. After activation, B cells differentiate into antibody-secreting …
47. The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) that causes AIDS selectively infects and destroys which type of cells?
48. What is immunodeficiency? What is an autoimmune disorder? What are allergies?
Chapter 15: The Respiratory System
49. Before inhaled air reaches the alveoli, the nasal cavity functions to…
50. What is the function of the cilia in the respiratory mucosa?
51. What types of cells are found in the alveoli?
52. The actual sites of gas exchange within the lungs are the …
53. The force responsible for normal inspiration during quiet breathing is supplied by the…
54. In what ways is carbon dioxide transported through the blood?
55. What reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme carbonic anhydrase?
56. The most important chemical regulator of respiration is…
57. How does hyperventilation affect blood PCO2? How does PCO2 affect pH?
58. How does PCO2 in the alveoli compare to PCO2 in the blood arriving in the pulmonary arteries?
59. How does PO2 in arterial blood of the systemic circuit compare to the PO2 in interstitial fluid of peripheral tissues?
Chapter 16: The Digestive System
60. What are the components of saliva?
61. Functions of the stomach include…
62. The release of the hormone gastrin by the pylorus and duodenum initiates what responses?
63. What are the functions of HCl in the stomach?
64. What is the purpose for plicae circulares, intestinal villi, and microvilli in the small intestine?
65. The digestive organ that performs 90% of nutrient absorption is the…
66. Which organ secretes digestive enzymes and buffers into the digestive tract?
67. What are the functions of the liver?
68. What is the function of bile?
69. What are the functions of the gallbladder?
70. What are the functions of the large intestine?
71. Toxins absorbed through the digestive tract are processed by the ________ and excreted at the ________.
72. The liver contains enzymes that catalyze carbon dioxide to react with ammonia, a toxic substance, to produce a harmless
nitrogen-containing byproduct called _______ that is excreted in the urine.
73. What is the purpose of intrinsic factor?
Chapter 18: The Urinary System
74. Functions of the urinary system include…
75. The filtration membrane of the glomerulus, through which solutes and plasma must pass, consists of …
76. The primary function of the proximal convoluted tubule is…
77. The primary function of the distal convoluted tubule is…
78. How do ADH, angiotensin II, and atrial natriuretic peptide affect blood pressure/volume? (increase or decrease?)
79. How does aldosterone affect the levels of sodium and potassium in the blood?
80. Renal compensation regulates pH by…
81. Acid-base buffer systems minimize pH changes by…
82. Why does filtration occur at the glomerulus? (how do the diameters of the afferent and efferent arterioles differ?)