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Biology 11 - Part C Forero
Name: ______________________________ Date: ___________ Blk: _____
NOTES: VIRUSES
I. Viruses: Living or Non-living?
Five characteristics of living things (review!):
Characteristic
Viruses?
(✓/✗)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
II. History of the virus
The name “virus” means ______________ in the _____________ language.
- 1892: Dmitri Ivanovsky describes a non-bacterial ____________________
infecting _________________________________ filter experiment
- 1931: ____________________________________ allows for first imaging
- 1983: Pasteur Institute isolates ___________________________________
Timeline:
- Viruses are an important natural means of transferring ________________
between different ________________, which increases genetic
________________ and drives ________________.
- It is thought that viruses played a central role in early evolution, before the
diversification of ______________________________________________,
at the time of the last universal common ancestor of life on Earth.
Biology 11 - Part C Forero
III. Viral Structure
- Viruses are complicated assemblies of molecules, including ___________,
____________________________, lipids and carbohydrates.
- ________________: Protein coat wrapped around a nucleic acid core
(DNA or RNA)
- Labeled sketch (choose one):
- Some shapes of viruses:
- ____________________
- ____________________
- ____________________
- ____________________
- Too small to be seen by ________________________________________
- Most smaller than ____________________: ______ to ______ nanometers
IV. Classification
- 1962: ________________ hierarchical system
- 2013: ________________ Classification system
- based on the mechanism of _______________________________
Biology 11 - Part C Forero
V. Viral Reproduction
- Able to ________________ only within the living cells of a ____________
- Viruses can infect all types of life forms, from animals and plants to
microorganisms, including bacteria and archaea.
Lytic Cycle:
1. ____________________:
- to host cell
2. Penetration:
- enter host  virion (endocytosis) or just genetic material (pore)
3. Replication and protein synthesis:
- _____________________ to make viral genetic material and protein
4. ____________________:
- of viral nucleic acids and proteins
5. Release:
- of new viral particles (virions)  ____________________________
Lysogenic Cycle:
- Steps 1 & 2
2a. Viral DNA inserted into DNA of host cell (________________)
- may remain in host DNA for _______________________________
- ________________to direct synthesis of new __________________
(Lytic Cycle steps 3-5)
- Factors that activate the virus:
- ________________________________________________
- ________________________________________________
- Retroviruses: group of ________________ viruses that insert a
________________ copy of their genome into the host cell in order to
replicate (e.g. HIV).
- Viral ____________________: can only attack particular cells of a
particular organism
- ___________________: virus that infects and replicates within a bacterium
Biology 11 - Part C Forero
VI. Basic Lines of Defense
1. Primary:
- ____________________
- _______________________________________________
- ____________________
2. Secondary:
- phagocytic __________________________engulf viruses
3. Tertiary:
- white blood cells called ____________________ produce
____________________
Antiviral drugs:
- ________________________________(fake DNA building-blocks)
- viruses mistakenly incorporate them into their__________________
- the life-cycle of the virus is ____________________because the
newly synthesized DNA is ____________________.
VII. Reducing Spread of Viral Infectious Disease
1. ___________________________________________________________
2. ___________________________________________________________
3. ___________________________________________________________
4. ___________________________________________________________
5. ___________________________________________ E.g. Hep A, B, C
*_________________________________: get plenty of sleep, be physically
active, manage your stress, drink plenty of fluids, and eat nutritious food.
The healthier you are, the better your _______________________________
will be at defending your body against a virus.
Biology 11 - Part C Forero
VIII. CURRENT VIRUS DEFINITION
- An ____________________that typically consists of a nucleic acid
molecule in a protein coat, is too small to be seen by light microscopy, and is
able to ____________________ only within the living cells of a host.
Evidence for living:
- ____________________________
- ____________________________
- ____________________________
Evidence for non-living:
- not cellular  only made up of genetic material and protein coat
- do not grow or develop
- do not do anything in __________________________(grow nor die)
- if undisturbed, will never age or die
- do not obtain or use energy  ___________________is does this for virus
- completely at the mercy of their environment  do not respond to it!
* When a virus encounters a cell, a series of chemical reactions occur that
lead to the production of new viruses.
* These steps are completely _______________________: predefined by the
nature of the molecules that comprise the virus particle.
SO… WHAT DO YOU THINK?
Evaluate the evidence above and state your choice (circle one):
VIRUSES:
LIVING
OR
NON-LIVING