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UNIT IV STUDY GUIDE I. Vocabulary Check ______ 1.Loss of electrons ______ 2. Breakdown of glucose in the presence of oxygen to produce ATP; exergonic ______ 3. Electron carrier utilized in photosynthesis ______ 4. Folds of inner mitochondrial membrane; location of ETC ______ 5. Describes plants that open stomata at night to minimize water loss; incorporate CO2 into organic acids ______ 6. 3-carbon molecule; intermediate in glycolysis, Calvin cycle ______ 7. Initial breakdown of glucose; occurs in cytosol; net gain of 2 ATP ______ 8. Pigment molecule that absorbs light energy in red, blue portions of visible spectrum ______ 9. Region of leaf where photosynthesis occurs ______10. End product of glycolysis ______11. Chlorophyll a; reaction center of photosystem II ______12. Conversion of light energy to stored chemical energy; endergonic pathway ______13. Gain of electrons ______14. ATP production in which phosphate group is transferred from another compound ______15. 2-carbon enzyme complex; starting point for citric acid cycle ______16. Captures energy from “falling” electrons to create electrochemical gradient required for ATP production ______17. ATP production using ATP synthase, oxygen as ultimate electron acceptor ______18. Region of mitochondria where citric acid cycle takes place ______19. Enzyme complex that utilizes proton motive force to phosphorylate ADP ______20. Self-feeder ______21. Electron carrier utilized in glycolysis and citric acid cycle ______22. Openings in underside of leaf that allow for movement of gases ______23. Term used to describe production of ATP using energy provided by ETC ______24. Site of Calvin Cycle; fluid-filled space of chloroplast ______25. Chlorophyll a; reaction center of photosystem I ______26. Describes ATP production in light reaction of photosynthesis ______27. Pigment molecules that increase action spectrum of photosynthesis; reflect red, yellow light ______28. Pathway in photosynthesis that converts light energy to energy in the form of ATP, NADPH ______29. Anaerobic pathway; pyruvate is reduced, NADH is oxidized ______30. Split to provide electrons for reduction of P680; releases H+ and O2 ______31. Enzyme that catalyzes the first step of the Calvin Cycle ______32. Electron carrier utilized only in citric acid cycle ______33. Occurs in mitochondrial matrix; redox reactions produce NADH, FADH2; CO2 released as waste ______34. 5-carbon molecule; provides substrate for carbon fixation in Calvin Cycle ______35. Describes plants that fix CO2 and carry out Calvin Cycle in 2 different locations; concentrates CO2 ______36. Cycle in which CO2, ATP, and NADPH are used to produce CH2O ______37. Sacs in chloroplasts; site of light reaction ______38. Enzyme used by C4, CAM plants to initially fix CO2 into organic molecule A. Acetyl CoA B. Autotroph C. ATP synthase D. C4 E. Calvin Cycle F. CAM G. Carotenoids H. Cellular respiration I. Chemiosmosis J. Chlorophyll K. Citric acid cycle L. Cristae M. Electron transport chain N. FAD O. Fermentation P. Glyceraldehyde 3phosphate Q. Glycolysis R. H2O S. Light reaction T. Matrix U. Mesophyll V. NAD+ W. NADP+ X. Oxidation Y. Oxidative phosphorylation Z. P680 AA. P700 BB. PEP carboxylase CC. Photophosphorylation DD. Photosynthesis EE. Pyruvate FF. Reduction GG. Ribulose biphosphate HH. Rubisco II. Stomata JJ. Stroma KK. Substrate-level phosphorylation LL. Thylakoid II. PHOTOSYNTHESIS 1. Identify each of the following structures found in a chloroplast. What role do they play in photosynthesis? 2. Chloroplasts are unique in that they contain ____________ and __________________. For what other cell organelle is this true? 3. In which part of the leaf does photosynthesis occur? 4. Provide the equation for photosynthesis. What molecule is oxidized? Reduced? 5. Explain how each of the reactants is delivered to a chloroplast. AN OVERVIEW OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS Photosynthesis consists of two pathways, the ____________________________________ which occurs in the ____________________ and the ________________________________, which takes place in the ______________ of chloroplasts. In the first pathway, light energy is converted to chemical energy in the form of ____________ and ____________. The first step involves Photosystem _______. Light energy packaged in ___________, primarily in the ________ and _______________ portions of the visible spectrum, is absorbed by antenna pigment molecules. The energy is passed along until it reaches the reaction center, a pair of chlorophyll ____ molecules known as _______________. The reaction center chlorophyll molecules respond to this energy by losing 2 electrons to the primary electron acceptor. The electrons then move through an _______________________________________. As the electrons move through the ETC, energy is released and used to move ___________ into the ________________ of the __________________. This creates an ___________________________ _______________________ (also called the _______________________________________________________________) which is used to power the enzyme complex, ________________________________. As H + ions pass through the enzyme complex and move into the ____________, an inorganic phosphate group is added to ADP, creating _____________. This process is known as __________________________________________. The electrons originally lost from the reaction center are replaced by the splitting of _________________, producing ________ and ________ ions. In Photosystem ________, as light energy is captured and transferred, a pair of chlorophyll _____ molecules, known as _____________, are excited, causing the loss of 2 electrons. The two excited electrons are passed through a short electron transport chain ending with the reduction of ____________ to ____________. The electrons lost by the reaction center in this photosystem are replaced by ________________________________________________________________________________. There is an alternative pathway seen in some bacteria and plants which only utilizes photosystem _____. This is a cyclic pathway in which electrons are simply recycled. Although ______ is created, there is no production of __________ or ___________. The second part of photosynthesis is known as the ____________________________. There are three phases in this cycle, ______________________________, __________________________, and __________________________. First, 3 _________ are added to 3 _____________________________, abbreviated as _____________. This requires the action of the enzyme, _________________. The resulting intermediate splits, and using energy provided by ____________, is then reduced forming ______________, and oxidizing ____________ to _____________. One molecule of __________ leaves the cycle to form _____________ and other carbohydrates. This is known as the ___________________ Phase. Finally, in the last phase, __________________ is regenerated, requiring additional _________. Synthesis of glucose requires ______ turns of the Calvin cycle. In addition other carbohydrates can be synthesized including _____________ for plant cell walls, ____________ for glucose storage, and the _____saccharide, sucrose (composed of _____________________________ monomers) often used for transport in the plant. III. CELLULAR RESPIRATION 1. Identify the following structures of a mitochondrion. What is the role of each structure in cellular respiration? 2. What is the equation for cellular respiration? What is oxidized? Reduced? AN OVERVIEW The first step in cellular respiration is _________________________. This occurs in the ________________ of cells and is an ____________________ pathway. It is divided into two phases, the ________________________________ phase and the ___________________________ phase. In the first phase, _____ ATP are required to provide the energy to split glucose into 2 ___________________ molecules. In the 2nd phase, these molecules are oxidized, producing 2 _________, 2 ______________, and ________ ATP for a net gain of ______ ATP. If ______________ is present, the _______________________formed in glycolysis moves into the mitochondria. An intermediate step takes place prior to the citric acid cycle. First, a __________________ group is given off as ___________. The remaining 2-C molecule is oxidized, reducing ____________ to ________________. Finally, the oxidized 2-C molecule attaches to an enzyme complex to form ______________________. This complex enters the citric acid cycle. A series of redox reactions take place, producing 6 ___________ and 2 _____________,. In addition, carboxyl groups are removed, releasing ______________ and 2 ___________ are produced through _______________________________ phosphorylation. The reduced electron carriers formed in the citric acid cycle move to the electron transport chain and the electrons are “dropped” from one molecule to another, with each successive molecule more ____________________ than the one before it. The ultimate electron acceptor is _______________ which is reduced to form ________________. As the electrons fall, their energy is used to drive _________________ from the ______________ to the ______________________, creating an ____________________________________________ gradient. This gradient, also known as the ___________________________ force, powers the enzyme complex, ____________________________, and ADP is phosphorylated to produce ATP. Each NADH produces approximately _______ ATP and each FADH2 produces about ______ ATP. There are ______ NADH produced in glycolysis, _____ NADH formed in the intermediate step, and ________ NADH & ________ FADH2 formed in the citric acid cycle so there is enough electron energy to produce a total of _______ ATP. The ATP produced through __________________________ phosphorylation is added to the _____ ATP from glycolysis and the ______ ATP from the citric acid cycle for a total of _______ ATP produced per molecule of glucose in cellular respiration. IV. A COMPARISON OF CELLULAR RESPIRATION & PHOTOSYNTHESIS Characteristic 1. Type of metabolic reaction 2. Purpose of Pathway 3. Reactants required 4. End products 5. Occurs in cells of what organisms? 6. Site(s) involved in eukaryotic cells 7. Site(s) involved in prokaryotic cells 8. Mechanism for ATP production 9. Electron Transport Carrier Involved 10. Location of ETC 11. Source of Electrons for ETC 12. Final Electron Acceptor in ETC Cellular Respiration Photosynthesis