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UNIT IV STUDY GUIDE
I. Vocabulary Check
______ 1.Loss of electrons
______ 2. Breakdown of glucose in the presence of oxygen to produce ATP; exergonic
______ 3. Electron carrier utilized in photosynthesis
______ 4. Folds of inner mitochondrial membrane; location of ETC
______ 5. Describes plants that open stomata at night to minimize water loss; incorporate CO2 into organic acids
______ 6. 3-carbon molecule; intermediate in glycolysis, Calvin cycle
______ 7. Initial breakdown of glucose; occurs in cytosol; net gain of 2 ATP
______ 8. Pigment molecule that absorbs light energy in red, blue portions of visible spectrum
______ 9. Region of leaf where photosynthesis occurs
______10. End product of glycolysis
______11. Chlorophyll a; reaction center of photosystem II
______12. Conversion of light energy to stored chemical energy; endergonic pathway
______13. Gain of electrons
______14. ATP production in which phosphate group is transferred from another compound
______15. 2-carbon enzyme complex; starting point for citric acid cycle
______16. Captures energy from “falling” electrons to create electrochemical gradient required for ATP production
______17. ATP production using ATP synthase, oxygen as ultimate electron acceptor
______18. Region of mitochondria where citric acid cycle takes place
______19. Enzyme complex that utilizes proton motive force to phosphorylate ADP
______20. Self-feeder
______21. Electron carrier utilized in glycolysis and citric acid cycle
______22. Openings in underside of leaf that allow for movement of gases
______23. Term used to describe production of ATP using energy provided by ETC
______24. Site of Calvin Cycle; fluid-filled space of chloroplast
______25. Chlorophyll a; reaction center of photosystem I
______26. Describes ATP production in light reaction of photosynthesis
______27. Pigment molecules that increase action spectrum of photosynthesis; reflect red, yellow light
______28. Pathway in photosynthesis that converts light energy to energy in the form of ATP, NADPH
______29. Anaerobic pathway; pyruvate is reduced, NADH is oxidized
______30. Split to provide electrons for reduction of P680; releases H+ and O2
______31. Enzyme that catalyzes the first step of the Calvin Cycle
______32. Electron carrier utilized only in citric acid cycle
______33. Occurs in mitochondrial matrix; redox reactions produce NADH, FADH2; CO2 released as waste
______34. 5-carbon molecule; provides substrate for carbon fixation in Calvin Cycle
______35. Describes plants that fix CO2 and carry out Calvin Cycle in 2 different locations; concentrates CO2
______36. Cycle in which CO2, ATP, and NADPH are used to produce CH2O
______37. Sacs in chloroplasts; site of light reaction
______38. Enzyme used by C4, CAM plants to initially fix CO2 into organic molecule
A. Acetyl CoA
B. Autotroph
C. ATP synthase
D. C4
E. Calvin Cycle
F. CAM
G. Carotenoids
H. Cellular respiration
I. Chemiosmosis
J. Chlorophyll
K. Citric acid cycle
L. Cristae
M. Electron transport chain
N. FAD
O. Fermentation
P. Glyceraldehyde 3phosphate
Q. Glycolysis
R. H2O
S. Light reaction
T. Matrix
U. Mesophyll
V. NAD+
W. NADP+
X. Oxidation
Y. Oxidative phosphorylation
Z. P680
AA. P700
BB. PEP carboxylase
CC. Photophosphorylation
DD. Photosynthesis
EE. Pyruvate
FF. Reduction
GG. Ribulose biphosphate
HH. Rubisco
II. Stomata
JJ. Stroma
KK. Substrate-level
phosphorylation
LL. Thylakoid
II. PHOTOSYNTHESIS
1. Identify each of the following structures found in a chloroplast. What role do they play in photosynthesis?
2. Chloroplasts are unique in that they contain ____________ and __________________. For what other cell organelle is this true?
3. In which part of the leaf does photosynthesis occur?
4. Provide the equation for photosynthesis. What molecule is oxidized? Reduced?
5. Explain how each of the reactants is delivered to a chloroplast.
AN OVERVIEW OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Photosynthesis consists of two pathways, the ____________________________________ which occurs in the ____________________
and the ________________________________, which takes place in the ______________ of chloroplasts.
In the first pathway, light energy is converted to chemical energy in the form of ____________ and ____________.
The first step involves Photosystem _______. Light energy packaged in ___________, primarily in the ________ and _______________
portions of the visible spectrum, is absorbed by antenna pigment molecules. The energy is passed along until it reaches the reaction
center, a pair of chlorophyll ____ molecules known as _______________. The reaction center chlorophyll molecules respond to this
energy by losing 2 electrons to the primary electron acceptor. The electrons then move through an
_______________________________________. As the electrons move through the ETC, energy is released and used to move
___________ into the ________________ of the __________________. This creates an ___________________________
_______________________ (also called the _______________________________________________________________) which is
used to power the enzyme complex, ________________________________. As H + ions pass through the enzyme complex and move
into the ____________, an inorganic phosphate group is added to ADP, creating _____________. This process is known as
__________________________________________. The electrons originally lost from the reaction center are replaced by the splitting of
_________________, producing ________ and ________ ions. In Photosystem ________, as light energy is captured and transferred, a
pair of chlorophyll _____ molecules, known as _____________, are excited, causing the loss of 2 electrons. The two excited electrons are
passed through a short electron transport chain ending with the reduction of ____________ to ____________. The electrons lost by the
reaction center in this photosystem are replaced by
________________________________________________________________________________.
There is an alternative pathway seen in some bacteria and plants which only utilizes photosystem _____. This is a cyclic pathway in which
electrons are simply recycled. Although ______ is created, there is no production of __________ or ___________.
The second part of photosynthesis is known as the ____________________________. There are three phases in this cycle,
______________________________, __________________________, and __________________________. First, 3 _________ are
added to 3 _____________________________, abbreviated as _____________. This requires the action of the enzyme,
_________________. The resulting intermediate splits, and using energy provided by ____________, is then reduced forming
______________, and oxidizing ____________ to _____________. One molecule of __________ leaves the cycle to form
_____________ and other carbohydrates. This is known as the ___________________ Phase. Finally, in the last phase,
__________________ is regenerated, requiring additional _________.
Synthesis of glucose requires ______ turns of the Calvin cycle. In addition other carbohydrates can be synthesized including
_____________ for plant cell walls, ____________ for glucose storage, and the _____saccharide, sucrose (composed of
_____________________________ monomers) often used for transport in the plant.
III. CELLULAR RESPIRATION
1. Identify the following structures of a mitochondrion. What is the role of each structure in cellular respiration?
2. What is the equation for cellular respiration? What is oxidized? Reduced?
AN OVERVIEW
The first step in cellular respiration is _________________________. This occurs in the ________________ of cells and is an
____________________ pathway. It is divided into two phases, the ________________________________ phase and the
___________________________ phase. In the first phase, _____ ATP are required to provide the energy to split glucose into 2
___________________ molecules. In the 2nd phase, these molecules are oxidized, producing 2 _________, 2 ______________, and
________ ATP for a net gain of ______ ATP.
If ______________ is present, the _______________________formed in glycolysis moves into the mitochondria. An intermediate step
takes place prior to the citric acid cycle. First, a __________________ group is given off as ___________. The remaining 2-C molecule is
oxidized, reducing ____________ to ________________. Finally, the oxidized 2-C molecule attaches to an enzyme complex to form
______________________.
This complex enters the citric acid cycle. A series of redox reactions take place, producing 6 ___________ and 2 _____________,. In
addition, carboxyl groups are removed, releasing ______________ and 2 ___________ are produced through
_______________________________ phosphorylation. The reduced electron carriers formed in the citric acid cycle move to the electron
transport chain and the electrons are “dropped” from one molecule to another, with each successive molecule more
____________________ than the one before it. The ultimate electron acceptor is _______________ which is reduced to form
________________. As the electrons fall, their energy is used to drive _________________ from the ______________ to the
______________________, creating an ____________________________________________ gradient. This gradient, also known as
the ___________________________ force, powers the enzyme complex, ____________________________, and ADP is phosphorylated
to produce ATP. Each NADH produces approximately _______ ATP and each FADH2 produces about ______ ATP. There are ______
NADH produced in glycolysis, _____ NADH formed in the intermediate step, and ________ NADH & ________ FADH2 formed in the citric
acid cycle so there is enough electron energy to produce a total of _______ ATP. The ATP produced through
__________________________ phosphorylation is added to the _____ ATP from glycolysis and the ______ ATP from the citric acid cycle
for a total of _______ ATP produced per molecule of glucose in cellular respiration.
IV. A COMPARISON OF CELLULAR RESPIRATION & PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Characteristic
1. Type of metabolic reaction
2. Purpose of Pathway
3. Reactants required
4. End products
5. Occurs in cells of what organisms?
6. Site(s) involved in eukaryotic cells
7. Site(s) involved in prokaryotic cells
8. Mechanism for ATP production
9. Electron Transport Carrier Involved
10. Location of ETC
11. Source of Electrons for ETC
12. Final Electron Acceptor in ETC
Cellular Respiration
Photosynthesis