Download cardiorespiratory definitions

Cardio Respiratory Definitions
1) Bioenergetic Conversion: The food we take in is broken down into three
energy nutrients in the course of digestion: 1) Proteins, 2) Fats, 3)
Carbohydrates. It is through bioenergetic conversion of theses nutrients that our
bodies are able to function, and we are able to carry out physical activity.
2) Carbohydrates: The most abundant organic substances in nature, they are
essential for human and animal life. They come to us almost entirely from foods
that originate from plants, such as vegetables, fruits, and grain-based foods,
such as bread and pasta.
3) Glycogen: Glucose is the usual form in which carbohydrates are assimilated
by animals. It is stored within skeletal muscle and within the liver as glycogen.
4) Metabolism: The highly complex process by which energy is supplied through
the body and by which energy rich material ( fats and proteins, as well as
carbohydrates) are assimilated by the body for purposes of energy renewal.
5) Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP): Adenosine Triphoshpate is the common
energy molecule for all living things. In effect ATP captures the chemical energy
resulting from the breakdown of food and can be used conveniently to fuel
various cellular processes.
6) Anaerobic System: There are 2 methods of resynthesing ATP-anaerobic and
aerobic. The anaerobic system occurs relatively quickly in the cell fibre, utilizing
chemicals and enzymes redally at a hand for powerful but relatively physical
actions.
7. Atrioventricular Bundle: Specialized tissue within the ventricular septum,
also known as the bundle of His. The bundle branches pass the signal on from
the Purkinje fibres, which pass the signal to the myocardium that forms the
ventricle.
8. Purkinje Fibres: Purkinje fibers work with the sinoatrial node (SA node) and
the atrioventricular node (AV node) to control the heart rate. During the
ventricular contraction portion of the cardiac cycle, the Purkinje fibers carry the
contraction impulse from the left and right bundle branches to the myocardium of
the ventricles.
9. Electrocardiogram (ECG): The electrical activity of the heart can be
measured using an ECG. It provides a graphical representation of the electrical
sequence of events that occurs with each contraction of the heart.
10a. Coronary Arteries: System of vessels that supply blood to the heart. Blood
is supplied to the heart through the left and right coronary arteries
10b. Coronary Veins: Made up by venules, the coronary veins make up the
coronary sinus. They drain into the right atrium.
11. Capillaries: Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, and nutrients are exchanged between
the blood and cells in the capillaries.
12. Cardiac Cycle: Series of events that occurs throughout one heart beat.
During this cycle there is both a phase of relaxation (diastole), and a phase of
contraction (systole).
13. systolic/ diastolic blood pressure- systolic blood pressure is the pressure
observed in the arteries during the contraction phase. Diastolic blood
pressure is the pressure observed in the arteries during the relaxation phase
of the heart.
14. vascular system- The vascular system is formed by a network of vessels
that transport blood throughout the body.
15. skeletal muscle pump- is a term used to describe the phenomenon where
with each contraction of a skeletal muscle, blood is pushed or massaged back
to the heart.
16. thoracic pump- The second system that the body uses to assist in the return
of blood in the veins to the heart is called the thoracic pump.
17. red/ white blood cells- Red blood cells are the most abundant blood cells in
the body. These are special cells that transport oxygen, carbon dioxide,
nutrients, and waste in the blood. White blood cells make up less than 1
percent of the blood and are an important part of the body’s immune system.
18. hemoglobin- A specialized protein found in erythrocytes , each gram of
hemoglobin in the blood has the capacity to bind 1.34mL of O2. The average
concentration of hemoglobin is 16 mg/100mL of blood.
19. platelets – fragments found in blood, important in the regulation of blood
clotting
20. cardiac output (Q) – volume of blood that is pumped out from the heart in 1
minute (measured in L/min)
21. stroke volume (SV) – amount of blood that is ejected from the left ventricle
in a single beat (measured in mL)
22. Frank-Starling Law – ability of the heart to stretch and increase force of
contraction
23. ejection fraction (EF) – proportion of blood that is ejected from left ventricle
in a single heartbeat; how efficiency of stroke volume is measured
24) Cardiac Output (Q)- Cardiac output refers to the volume of blood that is
pumped out of the heart in 1 minute, usually represented by the symbol Q and
measured in litres per minute (L/min). Cardiac output can be calculated as the
product of stroke volume and heart rate.
25) Stroke Volume (SV)- The amount of blood, represented by the symbol SV,
that is ejected from the left ventricle in a single beat, and is measured in milliliters
(mL).
26) Frank-Starling Law- The ability of the heart to stretch and increase the force
of contraction.
27) Ejection fraction (EF)- The proportion of blood that is ejected from the left
ventricle during a single heartbeat. The efficiency of stroke volume is measured
through the calculation of ejection fraction.
28) Heart Rate (HR)- The number of times the heart contracts in a minute (beats
per minute; beats/min), usually represented by the symbol HR.
29) External/internal/cellular respiration – External respiration refers to the
processes that occur within the lung involving the exchange of O2 and CO2.
Internal respiration refers to the exchange of gases at the tissue level, where O 2
is delivered and CO2 removed. Cellular respiration is the process where the cells
use O2 to generate energy through the different metabolic pathways found in the
mitochondria.
30) Conductive/respiratory zones – Conductive zone is composed of all of the
structures that convey air from the outside of the body through to the lungs.
Respiratory zone is composed of the respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and
the alveolar sacs.
31) Alveoli (alveolar sacs) – The Alveolar sacs are grape-like structures found
within the lungs. It provides a large surface area for the diffusion of gases into
and out of the blood.
32) Diaphragm – The lungs are found within the chest cavity, which is separated
from the abdominal cavity by a large flat specialized muscle is called the
diaphragm.
33) Ventilation (VE) – Ventilation is the combination of inspiration and expiration.
VE is influenced by two factors: the volume of air in each breath, and the number
of breaths taken per minute.
34) Tidal volume: The volume of air in each breath is also known as the tidal
volume. (VT). At rest a typical VT is about 0.5 L/breath, while during exercise, VT
can increase up to 3 to 4 L/breath.
35) Respiratory frequency: The number of breaths taken per minute usually
represented by the symbol (f).
36) Respiratory control centres: The respiratory control centres are found
within the brain stem. The areas of the brain stem that are important in the
regulation of ventilation are the Medulla Oblongata and the Pons.
37) a) Static lung volumes: Lung volumes are determined by the actual
structure of the lung and not determined or influenced by breathing or the flow of
air.
b) Dynamic lung volumes: Lung volumes that are dependent, not only on
volume, but also on the movement or flow of air.
38) Gas exchange: the exchange of gases both at the lung(where the blood
becomes oxygenated and carbon dioxide is removed) and at the tissue(where
oxygen is delivered for metabolism and carbon dioxide is removed).
39. Diffusion: the movement of a gas, liquid, or solid from a region of high
concentration to a region of low concentration through random movement. It can
only happen if such a difference in concentration exists (called a concentration
gradient).
40. Partial pressures: the system by which the concentration of specific gases
involved in respiration is measure.
41. Henry’s Law: states that the amount of gas that will dissolve and/or diffuse
into a liquid is proportional to the partial pressure and the solubility of the gas.
42. Oxygen transport: the process by which oxygen is carried within the blood,
which is achieved in 2 ways: a small amount of oxygen is actually dissolved
within the plasma, or the fluid component of the blood, and by binding to
hemoglobin.
43. Blood pH: a measure of how acidic or how basic the blood is. Generally,
blood pH is maintained very close to a pH of 7.4.
44. Blood pH – a measure of how acidic / basic the blood is
– generally maintained very close to a pH of 7.4
45. a-vO2 diff – the difference between the amount of O2 in the artery and
vein, which reflects the amount of O2 delivered to the muscle
46. Asthma – a disease characterized by spasm of the smooth muscles that line
the respiratory system, an over-secretion of mucous, and swelling of the cells
lining the respiratory tract
47. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) – a general term that
describes a family of diseases that lead to a dramatic reduction in airflow through
the respiratory system
48. Oxygen consumption (VO2) – the amount of O2 taken up and consumed by
the body for metabolic process
49. Maximal rate f oxygen consumption (vo2 max): the maximal volume (V) of
oxygen (O2) in milliliters that the human body can use in 1 minute per kilogram of
body wieght while breathing air at sea level.
50. respiratory exchange ratio: the ratio between the amount of carbon dioxide
produced and the amount of oxygen consumed is used to calculate the
respiratory exchange ratio, or RER. RER is indicative of which metabolic system
are being used within the working muscle.
51. Ventilatory threshold: a state in which ventilation increases much more
rapidly than workload. It normally occurs at an exercise intensity that
corresponds to 65-85 percent of VO2 max, depending ob the individual’s level of
fitness.
52. Lactic acid: the main product of glycolysis is pyruvate (pyruvic acid). Under
aerobic conditions, pyruvate us beginning of the third (aerobic) system that
eventually leads to the complete breakdown of glucose. In the absence of
adequate oxygen the process is halted at the glycolysis stage. Pyruvic acid is
converted to lactic acid and exhaustion or pain in the muscles begins to set in.
53. Lactate threshold: it is possible to measure blood lactate repeatedly, during
incremental exercise. Eventually, a point is reached where blood lactate
concentration begin to rise. This point is referred to as the lactate threshold.
54. Onset of Blood Lactate Accumulation (OBLA) – when blood lactate levels
begin to accumulate rapidly (shortly after lactic acid threshold is reached)
55. Oxygen Deficit – difference between O2 required to perform a task and O2
actually consumed prior to reaching a new sub-maximal exercise level (“steady
state”)
56. Excess Post Exerciswe Oxygen Consumption (EPOC) – additional O2
taken in during recorvery period to restore balance (after intense physical
exercise)
57. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy – process by which a person is placed inside a
hyperbaric O2 (HBO2) chamber/- promotes soft-tissue healing
58. Passive/active recovery techniques – (passive): total rest/- (active):
moderate aerobic activity (cooling down period)