Download Aggressors Invade Nations

Aggressors Invade Nations
Chapter 15, Section 4
Remembering the Treaty of Versailles
League of Nations
An international peace organization was created: the League of ______________
Territorial Losses:
Germany-returns Alsace-Lorraine to __________
French border extended to west bank
Rhine River
Germany-____________ all of its overseas colonies
in Africa and the Pacific
Military Restrictions:
Limits are set on the size of the German ______
Germany prohibited from importing or manufacturing _________ or war material
Germany forbidden to build or buy ___________ or have an air force
War Guilt:
Sole ___________ for the war placed on Germany’s shoulders
Germany forced to pay the Allies $33 billion in ___________ over 30 years
World in 1930s
_________, France, and the United States are the major democracies
– Distracted by _________ problems at home
– Wanted to remain at ________
Many nations hoped the League of Nations would maintain ______
_________ spreads in Europe
The Great Depression: Long-term causes
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World economies are _________
Some countries have huge war ______ from WWI
Europe ________ on American loans and investments.
Prosperity is built on ________ money.
Wealth is _________ distributed.
The Great Depression: Immediate Causes
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U.S. ______ market crashes
Banks demand repayment of _______.
________ fail and factories close.
Americans reduce ________ trade to protect economy.
Americans ________ loans to foreign countries.
American __________ system collapses.
So, how is there a Worldwide Depression?
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Millions become ____________ worldwide.
Businesses go bankrupt.
Governments take emergency measures to protect economies.
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Citizens lose _______ in capitalism and democracy.
Nations turn toward _____________ leaders.
Worldwide Depression: Long-term Effects
________ take control of Germany.
________ come to power in other countries.
Democracies try social welfare programs.
Japan _________ in East Asia.
World War II breaks out.
Japan
1920s-government became more democratic
1922-Japan signs a _________ with China to respect borders
1928- Japan signs the Kellogg-Briand Pact renouncing war
1929- __________ strikes Japan as well and many Japanese blamed the government
*Military leaders soon gain control but unlike European fascists they didn’t try to create a new government but
restore traditional control. The militarists made the emperor, ___________, the symbol of state power.
Like Hitler and Mussolini, Japan’s militarists wanted to solve problems through territorial ________.
They placed a Pacific Empire which included conquering _________.
Japan invades __________
Manchuria – rich in ________ and coal
-northeast province of china
1931 – Japanese army seizes Manchuria
*Attack is the first direct challenge to the League of Nations
The Leagues’ Response to Manchuria Invasion
As of 1930s, the League of Nation included all major democracies except the ______________.
The League also included three great threats to peace: __________, Japan, and Italy.
When Japan seized Manchuria, many League members _________. Japan ignored protests and left the
League in 1933.
Japan Invades China
1937-Beijing and the other northern cities including the capital of China, Nanjing (formerly known as
_________) fell to the Japanese.
China’s forces were led by Jiang Jieshi-no match for Japanese.
Japanese troops killed tens of thousands of captured soldiers and civilians in Nanjing.
*Rape of Nanking
The Rape of Nanking
The Nanking ________ aka The Rape of Nanking
December 1937-January 1938: mass executions of unarmed Chinese _________ by invading Japanese
soldiers
Estimates place the number of those _________ around ____________ with another 80,000 raped or
tortured including women and children
It is believed that Japan’s military had been trained to carry out the killings and atrocities in order to make an
_________ out of Nanking to the rest of China.
Japan never acknowledged its crimes committed at __________.
After WWII only a few of Japan’s military leaders were ever tried and found guilty of _____________ related
to the taking of Nanking.
Today, the massacre remains a deeply ____________ event between the two nations and their people.
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Jieshi was forced to _________ and he set up a new capital in Chonqing.
At the same time, Chinese guerillas led by China’s Communist leader ___________ continued to fight the
__________ in the conquered area.
European Aggressors
Because the League of Nation failed to respond to Japan’s advances, European _________ planned
aggressions of their own.
Example: Italy’s Mussolini had wanted to ________ a colonial empire in __________ like the French and
British.
And so, Italy attacks ___________ (one of the independent nations left in Africa). Ethiopia had earlier
resisted an Italian attack in the 1890s, however, they were no match for Italy’s advanced weaponry (as
compared to their spears and swords) when an invasion was launched in 1935.
Hitler defies the Versailles Treaty
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The treaty limited the size of Germany’s _________.
*March 1935, Hitler announces that Germany would not obey these restrictions—the League mildly scolds
Germany.
2. The treaty forbid German troops to enter a 30-mile-wide zone on either side of the Rhine River. (aka
_____________ serves as buffer between Germany and France—industrial area)
*March 7, 1936, German troops moved into the Rhineland.
How did Britain and France Respond?
French did not want to risk war.
Britain urged ____________ (giving into an aggressor to keep peace).
This Rhineland reoccupation was a turning point for two reasons:
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Strengthened Hitler’s _________ and prestige within Germany
The balance of power was in Germany’s favor (France and Belgium open to an attack)
Hitler’s growing strength encouraged Mussolini to seek an alliance with Germany.
October 1936-the two dictators sign the ___________ Axis
A month later-Germany makes an agreement with Japan
*Germany, Italy and Japan become known as the Axis Powers
Civil War Erupts in Spain
Spain had been a __________ until 1931 (republic declared)
From 1936-1939 two sides fought for control over Spain: the ___________ and the loyalists
The insurgent nationalists were aristocrats, military leaders, Roman Catholics, clergy, and members of a
political group called the Falange Party. ___________ were supported by Hitler and Mussolini.
The ___________ were liberals, socialists, and communists. They were supported by _________.
A number of non-Spanish idealists, who believed in saving the republic from fascist rebels joined the ranks of
the __________.
(Ernest Hemingway’s, For Whom the Bell Tolls, wrote about a young American man who took up arms in
behalf of the loyalist effort)
Hitler and Mussolini sent troops, tanks… to help Franco’s forces called ____________
The supporters of Spain’s elected government, the Republicans received little help from abroad
Early 1939, Republican resistance collapsed, __________ became Spain’s Fascist dictator.
Guernica
April 26, 1937 Franco’s German allies bombed the ancient Basque city of _________, Spain.
Spanish artist, Pablo Picasso’s painting, Guernica captures the human horror of the event.
Francisco Franco
After the __________ victory, Franco declares himself military chief. He referred to himself as Generalissimo
which means “commander in chief.”
Initially his reign was _________. This included executions of 200,000 Spaniards between 1939-1943.
He sympathized with the Axis countries but did _____ enter World War II
He ruled Spain until his death in 1975. Two years before he died he stepped down as head of state but
maintained his title generalissimo. He named his _________ Prince Juan Carlos. When Franco died, Juan
Carlos I became the first Spanish monarch to control Spain since his grandfather King Alfonso XIII was
deposed of in 1931.
Where was everybody else during these Fascist aggressions in the 1930s?
Britain and France made concessions hoping to keep ________
Why?
1. Both nations were struggling economically as a result of the ______________.
2. The horrors of WWI were remembered and so a deep desire to _______ another war was felt.
What is the U.S. doing during this time?
Many Americans supported _____________.
Isolationism: the belief that political ties to other countries should be _________
Entry into WWI was felt to have been a _________ error
In 1935- Congress passes three Neutrality Acts which ban loans and the sale of arms to nations at war
The German Reich Expands
November 5, 1937- Hitler announces plans to his advisors to absorb Austria and Czechoslovakia into the
______________ (German Empire)
The Treaty of Versailles prohibited __________ or a union between Austria and Germany. Why?
March 1938- Hitler sends his army into Austria and annexes it
France and Britain __________ their pledge to protect Austrian independence.
Hitler next turns too…
_______________, about three million German-people lived in the western border regions of Czechoslovakia
called the Sudetenland.
This area, heavily fortified, was the Czech’s main defense against Germany.
In September 1938, Hitler demands that the Sudetenland be given to Germany. The Czechs refused and
appeal to ___________ for help.
What do the French and British do?
France and Britain were preparing for war when ____________ proposed a meeting of Germany, France,
Britain, and Italy in Munich, Germany.
September 29, 1938- The _________________
(note the _____________ were not invited)
British Prime Minister, Neville _____________ believed he could preserve _______ by giving into Hitler’s
demands.
And so, Britain and France agreed that Hitler could take the ________________.
In exchange, Hitler was to ___________ Czechoslovakia’s new border.
Chamberlain returned to London, greeted by cheering crowds. One skeptic, Winston _____________, then a
member of the British Parliament, _________ the appeasement policy.
Sure enough, less than six month after the Munich meeting, __________ took Czechoslovakia.
Soon after, Mussolini takes Albania.
Hitler than demanded _________ return the former German port of Danzig. The Poles appeal to Britain and
France. However, the British and French’s past record of appeasement encourage Hitler that neither would
risk war.
Nonaggression Pact
August 23, 1939, Stalin and Hitler sign a ________________ which says that Communist Russia and Fascist
Germany will never attack one another.
Hitler’s Lightning War
Chapter 16, Section 1
The War Begins
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Hitler played into the fears and hopes of the Western democracies by each time taking new territories and
then declaring an _______ to his demands.
However, after moving into the Rhineland, Austria, and Czechoslovakia, Hitler now turned his sights to
__________.
After WWI, the Allies and cut out the Polish Corridor (formerly German territory) and gave it to Poland
allowing them access to the sea.
In 1939, Hitler demanded the ___________________.
Recalling the Nonaggression Pact
__________, not invited to the Munich Conference, was ______ so quick to ally with the Western powers.
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Stalin and Hitler sign the nonaggression pact between Russia and Germany.
In this agreement, they agree to __________ up Poland.
They also agree that the USSR can take over _________ and the Baltic countries of Lithuania, Latvia, and
Estonia.
September 3, 1939
• September 1, 1939-Hitler launches a surprise attack on Poland.
• France and Britain ____________ on Germany on September _________.
• Germany’s attack on ___________ marked the beginning of _________ and the first test of Germany’s
newest military strategy known as the blitzkrieg or ____________ war.
• Blitzkrieg involved: fast-moving ____________ and tanks, followed by massive infantry forces, to take
enemy defenders by surprise and overwhelm them.
• This strategy worked on Poland
The Soviets Make Their Move
• September 17, 1939, ___________ sends troops to occupy the eastern half of Poland (Germany occupies
the western half)
• Stalin then moves to annex countries to the north of Poland: Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia all of whom fall
without a struggle.
• However, _________ does resist. In November, Stalin sends about 1 million troops into Finland making a
crucial mistake to send troops in the winter.
• The Soviets suffered heavy losses, however, finally win because of the numbers game (the Soviets had
more soldiers).
• By March 1940, Stalin forced the Finns to accept terms of surrender.
The Phony War
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After declaring war on Germany, the French and British stationed troops along the _________ Line (a
system of fortifications along ____________ border with Germany).
They waited for an attack.
The Germans, along their Siegfried Line, a few miles away, waited as well.
Germans refer to this as the sitzkrieg or ________ war. Some newspapers refer to it simply as the
__________.
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Suddenly, _________ launched an surprise attack on Denmark and Norway.
In just a few hours after the attack, Denmark fell. Two months later, ________ fell as well.
The Germans then began building bases along the Norwegian and Danish coasts which they could launch
strikes on _____________.
In May 1940, Hitler sweeps through Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg. Taken these countries were
part of a strategy to take _________.
Hitler then sent a large force of tanks and troops through the Ardennes (northern France), squeezing
between the Maginot Line.
Rescue at Dunkirk
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The German forces reached the __________ coast and then went north again to join with German troops
in Belgium.
By the end of May 1940, the German had trapped the Allied forces around the northern French city of
_________.
The Allies, outnumbered, retreated to the French port city ________. They were trapped with their backs
against the _________.
Great Britain set out to rescue the army.
– It sent about 850 ________ across the English Channel to Dunkirk.
– Along with naval ships, _________ contributed by sending __________, lifeboats, motorboats, paddle
steamers, and fishing boats all joined the rescue effort.
– From May 26 to June 4, under heavy fire from German bombers, sailed back and forth from _________
to Dunkirk.
– The boats carried some 338,000 battle-weary soldiers to safety.
France Falls
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By June 14, the Germans had taken _______.
French leaders surrender on June 22, 1940.
The Germans took control of the northern part of the country, however, the left the southern part to a puppet
government headed by Marshal Philippe ________.
Petain was a French hero from WWI
The headquarters for this government was in the city of ________.
After France fell, Charles ________, a French general, set up a government-in-exile in __________.
De Gaulle focused his energy to reconquering _______.
De Gaulle goes on to organize the Free French military forces that battled the _______ until France was
__________ in 1944.
The Battle of Britain
When France fell, _____________ stood alone.
Winston Churchill, the new British prime minister, declared that his nation would ______ give in.
Hitler turns his mind to an invasion of Great Britain.
His plan:
Take out the ______ (Royal Air Force)
Then, land more than 250,000 soldiers on England’s shores.
Summer 1940-the Luftwaffe, Germany’s __________, began bombing Great Britain
-focus began on British air fields and aircraft factories and then the attacks turned to the cities such as
London to break British morale
British remained determined, despite destruction and loss of life.
The RAF, although outnumbered began to fight back. Two technological devices helped:
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Electronic _________ system known as radar (could tell the number, speed, and direction of incoming
warplanes)
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German code-making machine named ________
Enigma
Late 1930s-a complete _________ machine smuggled into Great Britain
The Enigma enabled the British to _________ German secret messages.
With the information gathered by these devices, the RAF fliers could quickly launch attacks on the enemy.
In October 1940, German gave up daylight bombings in favor of ________ bombing to avoid RAF attacks.
The Battle of Britain (the nights filled with air raids, sirens, Londoners flocking to subways which served as air
raid shelters, some stayed in their home basement shelters…) continued until May 10, 1941.
Hitler calls off his attacks and turns to the Mediterranean and Eastern Europe.
The Battle of Britain taught the Allies a crucial lesson: Hitler’s attack could be _________.
The Mediterranean and the Eastern Front
The British resistance caused Hitler to shift his strategy in _________.
He decided to deal with Britain later and so turned to the Mediterranean area and the Balkans and ultimately to
the Soviet Union.
First objective in Mediterranean region was North Africa, mainly because of Hitler’s _______ Mussolini.
Italy had remained neutral at the beginning of the war even though they were in an alliance with Germany.
In September 1940, while the Battle of Britain was raging, Mussolini ordered his army to attack Britishcontrolled __________.
Italian troops pushed 60 miles into Egypt forcing the British units back.
In December, the British struck back which was devastating to the Italians. By 1941, the British had swept 500
miles across North Africa and had taken 130,000 Italian prisoners.
Hitler had to save his Axis power ally by sending a German tank force, the ____________, under the
command of General Erwin _________.
In late March 1941, Rommel’s Afrika Korps attacked catching British forces by surprise. The British forces
retreated east to ________, Libya.
After fierce fighting for Tobruk, the __________ began to drive Rommel back.
By mid-January 1942, Rommel retreated to where he started.
Then, by June 1942, Rommel regrouped and pushed the British back across the ________, and seized
Tobruk.
Rommel’s successes in North Africa earned him the nickname “__________.”
While Rommel was busy in North Africa, other German generals were active in the Balkans.
The War in the Balkans
As early as the summer 1940, Hitler had begun his plans to attack the ________.
The ___________ countries of south eastern Europe were key to Hitler’s invasion plan.
He had hoped to build __________ in southeastern Europe to use against the USSR.
By early 1941, through the threat of force, Hitler had convinced Bulgaria, Romania, and Hungary to join the
Axis powers.
_____________ and __________, having Pro-British governments resisted.
In early April 1941, Hitler invaded both countries.
Yugoslavia fell in 11 days and Greece surrendered in 17 days.
Hitler invades the Soviet Union
Operation __________: plan to invade Soviet Union
June 22, 1941, the beginning of the invasion
After weeks of fighting the Germans pushed nearly 500 miles inside the Soviet Union
As the Russians retreated, they used the same ___________ strategy as they had done with Napoleon.
On September 8, German forces put Leningrad under siege.
By early November the city was cut off from the rest of the Soviet Union.
To force surrender, Hitler was ready to ________ the 2.5 million people that lived in the city.
German bombs destroyed food warehouses. Many people began eating cattle and horse feed and then
resorted to cats, dogs, crows, and rats.
Nearly 1 milion people died in Leningrad during the winter of 1941-1942.
__________________________.
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Impatient with progress in Leningrad, Hitler turned to Moscow in October 2, 1941.
By December, the Germans were on the outskirts of Moscow.
The Soviet general, Zhukov counterattacked.
As temperatures fell, the Germans, in summer uniforms, retreated. Ignoring Napoleon’s defeat about 130
years before, Hitler ordered “No ___________!”
German troops dug in about 125 miles west of Moscow.
The held the line until March 1943.
Hitler’s advance on the Soviet Union had gained ___________ but cost the Germans 500,000 lives.
The United States Aids Its Allies
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Most people felt the U.S. should not get involved in the war.
Between 1935 and 1937 Congress had passed the _______________ Acts.
However, President ____________ knew that if the Allies fell, the United States would be drawn into the
war.
In September 1939, Roosevelt asked Congress to allow the Allies to buy American arms.
The Allies would pay cash and then carry the goods on their own ships.
The Lend-Lease Act
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Passed in March 1941, the president could lend or lease _________ and other supplies to any country vital
to the United States.
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By summer 1941, U.S. __________ was escorting British ships carrying U.S. arms.
Hitler ordered submarines to _________ any cargo ships they met.
Even though the U.S. had not entered the war, Roosevelt and Churchill had secretly met and issued a joint
declaration called the __________________.
The Atlantic Charter
This charter upheld free trade among nations and the right of people to _________ their own government.
The charter would later serve as the Allies peace ______ at the end of WWII.
On September 4, a German U-boat fired on a U.S. destroyer in the Atlantic.
In response, Roosevelt ordered navy commanders to ________ German submarines on sight.
The U.S. was now involved in an ___________ naval war with Hitler.
However, to most everyone’s surprise, it was not an attack from Germany that drew the U.S. into the war,
rather it was an attack from ________.
Japan’s Pacific Campaign
Chapter 16, Section 2
Similar to Hitler, Japanese military leaders hoped in increase the ________ empire. The expansion started
with the invasion of ___________ in 1931 and six years later moved into China.
However, China’s resistance drained Japan economically and so, to replenish resources, Japan turned its
sights towards the rich European colonies of southeast Asia.
The U.S. Responds
• In October 1940, the U.S. had cracked one of the _________ that the Japanese used in sending secret
messages and so, the Japanese plans for expansion into Southeast Asia were no surprise.
• However, if the Japanese conquered European colonies there then the U.S. controlled Philippine Islands
and __________ could be threatened.
• So, the U.S. sent troops to aid the ________ resistance.
• When the Japanese overran the French Indochina: Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos in July 1941, Roosevelt
cut off _____ shipments to Japan.
Why do the Japanese Attack Pearl Harbor?
Japan suffered from _____ shortages but they continued their conquests.
They wanted to catch the European colonial powers and the U.S. by surprise.
They planned attacks on British and Dutch colonies in Southeast Asia and American outposts in the Pacific at
the same time.
Japan’s greatest _______ strategists also called for an attack on the U.S. fleet in Hawaii. He said:
It was “a dagger pointed at (Japan’s) throat” and must be destroyed.
Day of Infamy
When: Morning of ________________
Where: ___________ (in Hawaii)
What was known: a message was decoded that an attack would occur, however, _______ and ______ was
not deciphered
__________: (in 2 hours) 19 ships had been sunk or damaged (including 8 battleships), 2,300 Americans
were killed, over 1,100 wounded
Roosevelt’s response: He declared that December 7, 1941, was “a date which will live in infamy.”
Congress quickly accepted his request for a declaration of ______ on Japan and its allies.
About the same time as Pearl Harbor…
The Japanese
*launched bombing raids on the British colony of Hong Kong and American-controlled Guam and Wake
Island
*Landed an invasion force in Thailand
Japanese Victories
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Guam and Wake Island
Then, they attacked the Philippine Islands marching into the capital, _______. American and Filipino forces
took defensive positions on the _________ peninsula but fell in April.
British controlled areas also attacked and seized: Hong Kong, Malaya, Thailand, Singapore, Dutch East
Indies (today, Indochina) which included the islands of Java, Sumatra, Borneo, and Celebes. They also
seized Burma.
How did the Japanese Treat Prisoners of War?
To the Japanese, surrender was considered ___________ and so prisoners of war were treated with much
cruelty.
For example, on the _______________________, the Japanese forced prisoners to march more than 50
miles up the peninsula. Your textbook cites one prisoners reports of cruelties he endured:
“I was forced to watch as they buried six of my Scouts alive. They made the men dig their own graves, and
then had them kneel down in a pit. The guards hit them over the head with shovels to stun them and then
piled the earth on top.”
Out of 70,000 prisoners who began the death march, only 54,000 survived.
The Allies Strike Back
April 1942, 16 B-25 bombers under the command of Lieutenant Colonel James H. Doolittle bombed ______
and several other Japanese cities. The bombs, not doing much damage, did show that Japan was
__________ to attack and it raised American morale and shook the confidence of Japan.
The Battle of the Coral Sea
The __________ versus Japan
New _____________ warfare used
The opposing ships did not fire a single shot, rather, they sent __________ taking off from huge aircraft
carriers to attack ships.
The Allies suffered more losses in ships and troops than did the Japanese.
However, the Allies did stop ________ from a southward advance.
The Battle of Midway
Japan targeted _________ island, about 1,500 miles from Hawaii and the location of a key American airfield.
Thanks to Allied _______________, Admiral Chester Nimitz, commander in chief of the U.S. Pacific fleet
knew the Japanese were headed to Midway.
Admiral Yamamoto himself was commander of the Japanese fleet.
On June 4, Nimitz ________ the Japanese to begin their assault on Midway.
As the first Japanese planes got into the air, ________ planes __________ the Japanese fleet.
Many Japanese _________ were still on the decks of the aircraft carriers.
This strategy worked as American pilots destroyed _______ Japanese planes, all four air craft carriers, and
one support ship.
By June 7,1942, Yamamoto had ordered a retreat and the battle was over.
The Battle of Midway turned the tide of war in the Pacific.
An Allied Offensive
With morale high, the Allies take the offensive.
General Douglas ___________, the commander of the Allied land forces in the Pacific, developed a plan of
“____________.”
He wanted to island-hop past Japanese strongholds and ________ the islands that were not so well defended
but were closer to Japan. (note: the Japanese had occupied hundreds of islands across the ocean and so
storming each island would be costly).
Island-Hopping
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The first target was the island of the Guadacanal in the Soloman Islands where the Japanese were building
a huge __________.
On August 7, 1942, several thousand U.S. marines, with Australian support, landed on the Guadacanal and
the neighboring island of Tulagi.
February 1943, after 6 months of fighting on land and at sea, the Battle of Guadalcanal finally ended. After
losing more than 24,000 of a force of 36,000 the Japanese ___________ what they called the “Island of
Death.”
What is going on in Europe during these Pacific Battles?
The _________ moved ahead with Hitler’s design of a new order in Europe. This design included plans for
dealing with those that were considered ________ for the _____________.
The Holocaust
Chapter 16, Section 3
The Holocaust Begins
As part of the Nazi vision of Europe, the Germanic people considered ______ were considered the “master
race.” Everyone else, mainly Jewish people, were considered ________.
This racist message would eventually lead to the mass slaughter, known as the ___________, of Jews and
other groups deemed inferior by the Nazis.
The Nazis knowingly tapped into a __________ for Jews that had deep roots in European history. However,
they misused the term Aryan which correctly refers to the Indo-European peoples who began to migrate into
the Indian subcontinent around 1500 B.C.)
In time, Nazis made the targeting of Jews a government policy.
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Some Germans blamed Jews for the Germans loss of WWI and for their economic hardships.
The ______________, passed in 1935, deprived Jews of their rights to German citizenship and forbade
marriages between Jews and non-Jews.
Laws passed later also limited the kind of work that the Jews could do.
Why blame the Jews?
Christian Europe had a long history of anti-Jewish violence, starting during the ____________ and stemming
from a twisted belief that blamed the death of Jesus on the Jews, not the Romans.
Kristallnacht
Aka The Night of ___________ Glass
November 1938, a 17 year-old Jewish youth (Herschel Grynszpan) from Germany, while visiting his uncle in
Paris, received a post card that said his father who had lived in Germany for 27 years was being deported to
Poland.
On November 7, to avenge his father, the boy shot a German diplomat living in Paris.
On November 9, Nazi _____________ attacked Jewish homes, businesses, and synagogues across
Germany murdering about 100 Jews.
November 9 became known as Kristallnacht or “Night of Broken Glass.”
This night marked a huge step in the Nazi policy of Jewish ___________.
After Kristallnacht, some Jews realized that __________ against them was bound to increase. By the end of
1939, a number of German Jews ______ to other countries.
At first, Hitler favored emigration as a solution to what he referred to as the “___________ problem.”
After admitting tens of thousands of Jewish refugees many countries such as France, Britain, and the
______________ closed their doors to further immigration.
What is shocking about the __________ is that all of the rest of the world made little attempt to save the
Jewish people from being exterminated.
The major ___________ and __________ Church leaders across the world were silent as the Nazis began
their killing.
The United States even refused to allow a large passenger ship full of hundreds of __________ refugees to
enter the U.S. and turned it back to Germany.
A few brave individuals from many nationalities: Germans, Danes, Dutch, and ________, quietly hid Jewish
children and friends from the Nazis.
One of the few countries to openly accept Jewish refugees throughout the war was the _________ One of the
few countries to openly accept Jewish refugees throughout the war was the Muslim country of ________
(which also had accepted Jewish refugees fleeing the Christians in Spain in 1492).
The state of Israel in 1947, after WWII, was set up as a reaction to the ________ Holocaust so that the Jewish
people could set up their own homeland.
When emigration did not get rid of the Jews, Hitler ordered all countries under his control to move all Jews to
designated cities.
In those cities, the Nazis herded the Jews into dismal, overcrowded _________, or segregated Jewish areas.
Ghettos were sealed off with ________ wire or stone walls.
The hope was that the Jews would _________ to death or die from ___________.
After 1941, all Jews in German controlled areas had to wear a yellow star of David patch.
In the Ghettos
Jews hung on in the __________:
Organized resistance groups
Struggled to keep __________
Produced ________ and concerts
_________ taught lesson in secret schools
__________ kept records in hopes that people would find out the truth.
The Final Solution
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Hitler grew impatient waiting for Jews to die from ___________ an starvation so he decided implement his
plan called the “__________ Solution.”
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His plan was actually a program of __________, the systematic _________ of an entire people.
Hitler believed that the plan of conquest depended on the purity of the ________ race which meant to
protect racial purity meant eliminating other races, nationalities, or groups they felt were “sub-human.”
Who were these inferior or sub-human people?
Jews, gypsies, Poles, Russians, homosexuals, sympathetic Germans, the insane, the disabled, and the
incurably ill. However, the main focus was on the Jews.
Units from the ________ (Hitler’s elite security), moved from town to town to hunt down Jews. Men, women,
children and even babies were rounded up and taken to isolated spots.
They would then shoot their prisoners in pits that became the ________ graves.
Those that were not reached by the killing squads were taken to concentration camps or slave-labor camps in
Germany and Poland. Hitler hoped here, prisoners would die more quickly.
The prisoners worked seven days as week as slaves for the SS or the German business. Prisoners were
beaten or killed for not working fast enough.
Meals consisted of soup, bread scraps, and potato peelings. This diet resulted in the loss of about 50 pounds
for many in the first few months.
The Final Stage
The “Final Solution” reached its final stage in 1942.
Nazis built extermination camps with gas chambers that could kill as many as 6,000 human beings in a day.
Auschwitz, the largest of the extermination camps
Here, prisoners would parade in front of a committee of SS doctors. The doctors would separate the strong
(mainly men) from the weak (mostly women, children, and the elderly, and the sick)
Those labeled sick would be killed that day.
Those that were sick were told to strip down and led to “shower chamber” with fake shower head. Only once
the doors closed, cyanide gas poured out the showerheads.
All were killed in a matter of minutes.
Later, the Nazis built crematoriums or ovens to burn the bodies.
Did anyone try and help?
Of course, with the help of non-Jewish people, and at great risk to themselves, rescuers hid Jews in their
homes or helped them escape to neutral countries.
How was it that Anne Frank’s Diary Survived WWII?
Anne Frank, a young German-Jewish girl, wrote a diary which captured 26 months of hiding from German
authorities in Amsterdam during WWII.
Her notebooks and papers had been left behind by the secret police in the Frank’s family hiding place. Two
Dutch women who had helped the fugitives survive, gave the papers to Anne’s father, Otto Frank when he
returned from Aushwitz.
Anne had caught typhoid fever in Bergen-Belsen and died 2 months before German surrender. Of the eight
who hid with Anne, only her father survived.
The Allied Victory
Chapter 16, Section 4
The North African Campaign
After Pearl Harbor, Winston __________ (Great Britain) and President Roosevelt (U.S.) met to decide a joint
war policy. ____________ had also asked the Allies to help on the Eastern Front.
The Allies decided to begin in North Africa and southern Europe. Stalin was not so happy about this because
he would be receiving supplies as opposed to more man power at this time.
When General __________ took Tobruk (port in Libya), the British sent General Bernard Montgomery,
“Monty,” to take control of the British forces in North Africa.
However, ____________ had already advanced to the Egyptian city, El Alamein. The British forces could not
go around them.
The __________ did a frontal attack on October 23, 1942 and by November, Rommel’s army fell back.
Rommel __________ west and the Allies launched Operation Torch.
November 8, an Allied force, mostly Americans landed in Morocco and Algeria. The American general was
Dwight D. ___________.
Caught between Montgomery’s and Eisenhower’s armies, Rommel’s ___________ was crushed in May 1943.
The Battle of Stalingrad
The Germans advancement in the Soviet Union had halted at __________ and Moscow in the late 1941.
The bad ___________ made it worse. However, in the summer of 1942, _______ sent his sixth army under
General Friedrich Paulus.
Mission: to seize ____ fields in the Caucasus Mountains and to capture Stalingrad (now Volgograd).
Battle of Stalingrad begins on August 23,1942.
__________ did nightly bombing raids.
By early November 1942, the Germans controlled _____ of the ruined city.
_________ had ordered generals to defend the city named after him to death.
Luckily, winter set in and on November 19, the Soviet troops outside the city launched a counterattack,
trapping the Germans inside and cutting off __________.
Paulus begged Hitler for a retreat; Hitler __________.
On February 2, 1943, some 90,000 starved and frost bitten German soldiers _________. These were the
survivors of an army that was once numbered at 330,000.
Results of Stalingrad? Soviets _________ 1 million soldiers and 90% of the city ________
But, Germans were now on the ___________.
The Invasion of Italy
As the Battle of Stalingrad raged, Roosevelt and Churchill decide to attack ___________.
On July 10, 1943, Allied forces landed on _________ and captured it from Italian and German troops about
one month later.
The Conquest of Sicily toppled Mussolini from power as King Emmanuel III had the __________ arrested.
On September 3, 1943, Italy surrenders.
Fighting continued in Italy and as Germans retreated, Italian resistance fighters ambushed some German
trucks near the northern Italian city of Milan. Inside, dressed as a _________ soldier was a disguised
Mussolini.
Mussolini was ______ the next day and later his body was _______ in downtown Milan for all to see.
The Allied Home Fronts
At home, in the U.S. contributed by:
Converting ___________ to wartime productions (making machine guns to boots)
Automobile factories produced ________
Women worked in war industries
Because production was geared to war products, _________ goods were scarce and forced to be rationed.
Ex: the government set the speed limit at 35 mph to conserve gasoline and rubber.
Propaganda was used to inspire
People bought war stamps and bonds to finance the war
Negative Effect of Propaganda in the U.S.
After Pearl Harbor, __________ arose against Japanese Americans.
This fear was encouraged by __________ and so Japanese Americans were seen as “the enemy.”
On February 19, 1942, President Roosevelt issued an executive order calling for the __________ of
Japanese Americans because they were considered a threat to the country.
In March, the military began rounding up“_______” and shipping them to relocation camps.
The camps were restricted military areas that were far away from the coasts.
The thought was these “________ aliens” could not assist a Japanese invasion
However, two-thirds of those interned were _____, native-born American citizens who _______ were
Japanese.
Many of them had volunteered for military service and had fought bravely for the
U.S. even though their families remained in the camps.
What is D day?
Military term used to designate an initiative is set to _______, counting all _________ out from that date for
planning.
For example, “D day minus two” would be a plan for what needs to happen two days before the beginning of
the military operation.
Even though the military had planned and executed many D days during WWII (1939-1945), the invasion of
__________ on June 6, 1944 is known as the D Day.
What happened at Normandy?
Normandy is in the northwestern portion of ________ which lies on along the English Channel
Officially called Operation __________ (historically known as D Day)
Headed by General Dwight D. __________ of the U.S.
Constituted the largest __________ invasion in history
Bad weather delayed the invasion, however, on the morning of June 6, the Allied troops crossed the English
Channel and landed on the beaches of Normandy.
Brutal fighting ensued and at the end of the day, the Allied troops had taken hold of the beaches which gave
the Allied troops the ability to march inland against the Nazis and eventually pushing them back into
Germany.
This Invasion marked a huge turning point in favor of the Allies during WWII.
However, there would still be 11 more months of conflict as Germany doesn’t surrender until May 7 of the next
year.
What was the Battle of the Bulge
December 16,1944, German confrontation with the __________ forces in the Ardennes Mountains (range that
extends from France into Belgium and Luxembourg).
At first Germany seemed to be beaten but Hitler rallied troops. Germany could not sustain the front and within
the two weeks the Americans halted the __________ advance near Belgium’s Meuse River.
The offensive became the Battle of the __________ because of the protruding shape of the battleground on a
map.
Germany’s Unconditional Surrender
After the Battle of the Bulge, the war in ________ rapidly came to an end. In April, Allied troops approached
__________ from the southwest and ________ troops from the east.
Hitler prepared for his end by moving to his underground headquarters. On April 29, 1945, he _______ his
long time companion, _______ Braun, and the next day they committed ________. Their bodies were
carried outside and burned.
What are V-E Day and V-J Day?
V-E Day stands for Victory in _________ Day and V-J Day stands for Victory over ________ Day.
After the Germans surrendered, U.S. president Harry S. Truman declared May 9, 1945 V-E Day—the end of
WWII fighting in Europe.
It was not until August 14, 1945, when the Japanese agreed to surrender. However, September 2, 1945 was
declared the official V-J Day since it was then that Japan signed the terms of surrender on the USS Missouri
anchored in Tokyo Bay.
Victory in the Pacific
By the fall 1944, the Allies were moving in on __________.
The Japanese had devised a bold plan to halt the Allied advance. They would destroy the American fleet
which would ___________ the Allies from resupplying their ground troops.
However, this plan would risk losing the entire Japanese fleet.
This plan took place on October 23, 1944, in the Battle of Leyte Gulf (by the Philippines).
It was disastrous and so only the Japanese army and the __________ (Japanese suicide pilots) stood in the
way of the Allies and Japan.
_____________ would sink Allied ships by crash-diving their bomb filled planes into them.
Kamikaze means “divine wind.” It refers to a typhoon that in 1281 saved Japan by destroying the Mongol
navy. The Japanese hoped that the kamikaze pilots would be able to save Japan from an Allied invasion.
In March 1945, the American Marines took ____________, an island 760 miles from Tokyo.
On April 1, U.S. troops moved onto the island of __________, about 350 miles from southern Japan.
The Japanese Surrender
After Okinawa, the next stop for the Allies was Japan.
President _________ was advised:
An invasion on Japan might cost the Allies half a _________ lives.
Truman had to decide whether he should use a new, powerful weapon, called the ________ bomb.
Most advisors suggested the bomb would bring a quick end to the war.
The A-bomb (atomic bomb) had been developed by the top-secret, __________ Project, headed by General
Leslie Groves and chief scientist J. Robert ____________.
Truman first learned of the weapon when he first became president.
The first atomic bomb was exploded in a _________ in New Mexico on July 16, 1945.
President Truman warned the Japanese that unless they surrendered, they could expect a “rain of ruin from
the air.”
The Japanese did not _________.
So, on August 6, 1945, the B-29 bomber, __________, flown by Colonel Paul W. Tibbets, dropped the atomic
bomb on ___________, a Japanese city of nearly 350,000 people.
Between 70,000-80,000 people ________ in the attack.
Three days later, on August 9, a second bomb was dropped on __________, a city of 270,000. More than
70,000 people were killed immediately.
___________ fall out from the two explosions killed many more.
The Japanese finally surrendered to General Douglas MacArthur on September 2.
Were Any Countries besides Switzerland Neutral during WWII?
Yes, in the official stance of neutrality, Switzerland was joined by Spain, Portugal, Sweden, Turkey and
Argentina.
However, postwar findings indicated, with the exception of Argentina, that it was not an absolute policy.
Ex: Swiss had converted Nazi gold to Swiss francs and that Germany then used that exchange to buy minerals
from Spain, Portugal, Sweden and Turkey.
Jewish groups brought lawsuits against the Swiss government and three Swiss banks for their role in
converting looted Nazi gold into currency during WWII.
Europe and Japan in Ruins
Chapter 16, Section 5
World War II had:
Caused more _________ and destruction than any other conflict in history
Left ________ million dead
One-third of these deaths occurred in one country, the ______________
Another 50 million people had been uprooted from their homes and wandered somewhere else to live.
Property damages ran into the __________ of U.S. dollars
Devastation in Europe
________ suffered much destruction:
The Battle of Britain had left much of ________ in ruins.
__________, the capital of Poland, was almost completely destroyed. In 1939, the population was 1.3 million
people, however in January 1945, when the Soviet soldiers entered the city, about 153, 000 people
remained.
95% of _________ was destroyed
Many people, such as those displaced survivors of concentration camps, _________ of war, and refugees
found themselves in the wrong countries due to post war treaties. They wandered Europe looking for loved
ones.
Much of the war-time production cost __________ output. And so, harvests were not planted and with
transportation at a minimum many died in the post war years of ________ and disease.
Postwar Government and Politics
In countries such as ________, Italy, and France a return to the prewar governments that had left them in
ruins was not desirable (______ left Germany in ruins, ___________ led to Italy’s defeat, and France’s
________ government had collaborated with the Nazis).
After the war, the ___________ Party promised change and millions were ready to listen.
In both _______ and France Communist Party’s membership increased dramatically.
However, alarmed French and Italians voted for anticommunist parties and so the Communist Party influence
began to _________.
The Nuremberg Trials
During 1945 and 1946, an International Military Tribunal representing _____ nations put ______ war criminals
on trial in Nuremberg, Germany.
In the first of these Nuremberg Trials, 22 Nazi leaders were charged with waging a war of aggression. They
were also accused of committing “crimes against _________”-the murder of 11 ________ people.
Adolf Hitler’s SS chief Heinrich _________ and the Minister of _________ Joseph Goebbels had committed
suicide long before the trials began.
However, Hermann Goring, the commander of the __________; Rudolf Hess, Hitler’s former deputy and other
high ranking Nazi leaders remained to face the charges.
Hess was found _________ and sentenced to life in prison.
Goring received a __________ sentence, but committed suicide before he faced the executioner.
Ten other Nazi leaders were _________ on October 16, 1946.
Hans Frank, the “Slayer of Poles,” was the _________ Nazi to express remorse.
The bodies of those that were executed were burned in the concentration camp of _________. They were
cremated in the same ovens that had burned many of their victims.
Postwar Japan
2 million lives had been lost
Major cities: _________, largely destroyed and Hiroshima and Nagasaki were turned into wastelands by the
atomic bombs
General Douglas __________ took charge of the U.S. occupation of Japan.
He wanted to be _____ and _______ plant seeds for a future war.
He began a process of demilitarization (disbanding the Japanese ________ forces).
He left a small police force.
MacArthur brought war criminals to trial.
Out of 25 surviving defendants, former Premier Hideki ______ and 6 others were condemned to hang.
MacArthur then worked on ______________, the process of creating a government elected by the people. In
February 1946, he and his American political advisors drew up a constitution changing the empire into a
constitutional monarchy like that of Great Britain.
MacArthur also helped the _________, his plan:
Required absentee landlords with huge _______ to sell land to the government. The government then
______ the land to tenant farmers at reasonable prices.
Occupation Brings Deep Changes
The most important achievement of the occupation as the new __________.
Traditionally, Japanese saw their emperor as divine. He was now had to declare that he was ___________.
His power was also reduced. Like the rule of Great Britain, the Japanese emperor had become more of a
figure head.
The constitution gave the _________ the power.
A two party house was elected called a __________.
All citizens over 20, including _________, could vote.
The _________ minister was chosen by a Diet majority vote.
A constitutional bill of rights protected basic _________.
_____________ stated the Japanese could no longer make war. They could fight only if attacked.
In September 1951, the United States and 47 nations signed a formal peace _________ with Japan.
The treaty eventually ended the war.
After the war, enemies became allies but also allies became enemies. The _____________ and the U.S.
were allies and two super powers, however, with different postwar goals they would generate conflicts that
would shape the modern world for decades.