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Mark Du, School of Inter’l Trade of JUFE
Contents
What is Culture?
Overview of Chinese
History
Myths and Legends
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Mark Du, School of Inter’l Trade of JUFE
What is Culture?
Culture from Latin: cultura, lit.
"cultivation“ is a concept based on a term
first used in classical antiquity by the
Roman orator Cicero: "cultura animi"
(cultivation of the soul).
the betterment or refinement of individuals,
especially through education.
 national aspirations or ideals.
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Mark Du, School of Inter’l Trade of JUFE
What is Culture?
Edward Tylor (1871) used the term
"culture" to refer to a universal human
capacity.
Hoebel(20th century) describes culture as an
integrated system of learned behavior
patterns which are characteristic of the
members of a society and which are not a
result of biological inheritance
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Mark Du, School of Inter’l Trade of JUFE
What is Culture?
Material Culture vs Spiritual Culture
Distinctions are currently made between the
physical artifacts created by a society, its socalled material culture, and everything else, the
intangibles such as language, customs, etc. that
are the main referent of the term "culture".
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Mark Du, School of Inter’l Trade of JUFE
Overview of Chinese History
Legendary Period
Ancient Period
Modern Period
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Mark Du, School of Inter’l Trade of JUFE
Legendary Period
Mythology
Three Wise Kings
 Five August Emperors
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Mark Du, School of Inter’l Trade of JUFE
Mythology
Chinese civilization began with Pangu
 The creator of the universe
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Mark Du, School of Inter’l Trade of JUFE
Three Wise Kings and Five
August Emperors
Mythological rulers of China during the
period from 2500 B.C. to 2205
Three Wise Kings
Said to be god-kings or demigods
Fuxis
Shennong(Yandi)
Huangdi
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Mark Du, School of Inter’l Trade of JUFE
Three Wise
Kings(1)
 Fuxi
 the first real ruler.
 taught people how to devise
tools, kindle fire and cook
food, how to domesticate
animals and tend flocks.
 instituted marriage and
devised the mysterious
Eight Trigrams(八卦)which
were used for divination.
 His wife is Nvwa
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Mark Du, School of Inter’l Trade of JUFE
Three Wise Kings(2)
Shennong(Yandi)
 He was the god who
invented farming
 He was the first to use
herbs for medical use.
 He won the name of
“The Prince of Cereals
by farmers.
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Mark Du, School of Inter’l Trade of JUFE
Three Wise Kings(3)
 Huangdi
 the ancestor of the Chinese
nation.
 the most famous tribe
chieftain in ancient China
 Invented the wheel and
carts
 Discovered the art of
making pottery
 Improved communication
by building roads, bridges,
 Introduced precious stones,
gold and copper as money.
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Mark Du, School of Inter’l Trade of JUFE
Mark Du, School
Inter’l Tradeand
of JUFE Huangdi
The Great Statue
of ofYandi
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Five August Emperors
 Shaohao
 The renowned leader
among the Yi people in
China.
 Zhuanxu
 A very wise and intelligent
person.
 Respected the gods and
taught his people
 Gaoxin
 A descendant of Huangdi,
who enjoyed a high
reputation among his tribal
people
Yao
 Made great
contribution to the
lunar calendar.
 Shun
 Physically and mentally
gifted
 A man with great virtues
 Selected by Yao as his
successor.
 His son was Yu
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Mark Du, School of Inter’l Trade of JUFE
Ancient Period
 Xia Dynasty
 Shang Dynasty
 Zhou Dynasty
 Qin Dynasty
 Han Dynasty
 Southern and Northern
Dynasities
 Sui Danasty
 Tang Dynasty
 Five Dynasties and Ten
Kingdoms Period
 Song Dynasty
 Liang Dynasty
 Jin Dynasty
 Yuan Dynasty
 Ming Dynasty
 Qing Dynasty
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Mark Du, School of Inter’l Trade of JUFE
Xia Dynasty(2070B.C.~1600B.C.)
The institution of slavery began
Resumed hereditary monarchy from the
legendary Huangdi times
Began the period of a family or a clan
controlling everything in the nation.
Chinese civilization developed a ruling
structure that employed both a benign civilian
government and harsh punishment for legal
transgressions
Farming and husbandry (Stockbreeding)
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Mark Du, School of Inter’l Trade of JUFE
Shang Dynasty(1600B.C.~1046 B.C.)
 Hereditary Shang kings
ruled
 Regular religious rites
were popular among the
Shang nobles. They
worshipped the supreme
gods as well as their
ancestors
 Agriculture, hunting and
animal husbandry
 Technology of smelting
bronze
 Ceramic industry
 Silk reeling and weaving
 Earliest recorded written
history
 Inscription on the oracle
bones.
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Mark Du, School of Inter’l Trade of JUFE
Zhou Dynasty (1046 B.C. ~ 256 B.C)
 Marked the beginning of the
feudal phase of Chinese
history
 Extended Shang culture from
the Center Plains to the north
of the Yangtze River.
 Centralized city-states and
established impersonal
political and economic
institutions.
 Later Zhou Court was
divided into the Western
Zhou and the Eastern Zhou
 The Eastern Zhou further
divided into two subperiods
 The Spring and Autumn Period
(770B.C.~476B.C.)
 Power decentralized
 170 smaller states
 The Warring States
Period(475B.C.~221B.C)
 “Seven Great Powers”
– The Qi, the Chu, The Yan,
the Han, the Zhao, the Wei
and the Qin
 Different philosophies
–
–
–
–
Confucianism,
Taoism
Legalism
Mohism
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Mark Du, School of Inter’l Trade of JUFE
Qin Dynasty (221B.C.~206B.C.)
 The unification of China in 221 B.C.
 The First Emperor
 The first centralized, unified and multi-national feudal autocratic
dynasty
 Standardization of written language
 Relied on the philosophy of legalism
 Banished the Confucianism and burned their books.
 Built up the Great Wall
 After the Death of Qin Shihuang, prisoners, soldiers
and descendants of the nobles of the six Warring States
sprang up and overthrew the Qin Dynasty.
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Mark Du, School of Inter’l Trade of JUFE
Han Dynasty (206 B.C.~A.D.220)
 Han Dynasty
 Silk Road
 Western Han Dynasty
 Eastern Han Dynasty
 Vassal principalities
(decentralization)
 Civil service examination
system based on
Confucianism
 Technology
 Papermaking, celestial
globe
 Through central Asia, and
to the east coast of the
Mediterranean Sea
 Religion
 Buddhism
 Christianity(?)
 Important period in
Chinese history
 “People of Han” named
after it.
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Mark Du, School of Inter’l Trade of JUFE
Jin Dynasty, Southern and
Nordern Dynasty and Sui Dynasty
 Jin Dynasty(265~420)
 Western Jin Dynasty
 Eastern Jin Dynasty
 Southern and Northern
Dynasties (420~589
 Sourthern Dynasties
 Song Dynasty, Liang,
and Chen
Sui Dynasty(581~618)
 Reunification of the
south and the north of
China by Yang Jian
 The Great Canal,
which linked the
Yellow and Yangtze
River areas
 Northern Dynasties
 Northern Wei Dynasty
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Mark Du, School of Inter’l Trade of JUFE
Tang Dynasty(618~907)
 Territory
 The largest and the most
developed empire in the
world
 Perfection of the civil
service examination
system
 Only the best men,
regardless of their class or
background, could be
appointed to vital posts
 Administration
 The empire was divided
into 300 prefectures and
1500 counties
Open foreign policies
 Frequent economic and
culture exchanges with
foreign countries,,
including Japan, Korea
India, Persia and Arabia.
Technology
 Block Printing
Belief
 Buddhism on Chinese
economy, politics and
culture
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Mark Du, School of Inter’l Trade of JUFE
Five Dynasties and Ten
Kingdom Period(907~960)
Five Dynasties
 A direct result of the
political disintegration
 Five dynasties
succeeded each other
in rapid succession in
the north
Ten Kingdom Period
 In the south, ten
independent states
were established.
 Each held a specific
geographical area.
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Mark Du, School of Inter’l Trade of JUFE
Song Dynast, Liao Dynasty and Jin Dynasty
 Song Dynast (960~1279)
 Two phases
 Northern Song
 Southern Song
 Achievement
 Movable type printing by
Bi Sheng
 Gunpower
 Paper money
 Philosophy
 Liao Dynasty
(907~1125)
 The northeast of
China was occupied
by the Liao Dynast
established by the
Khitan nationality;
 Jin Dynasty
(1115~1234)
 Li Xue, or NeoConfucianism
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Mark Du, School of Inter’l Trade of JUFE
Yuan , Ming and Qing Dynasty
 Yuan Dynasty
(1206~1368)
 Ming Dynasty
(1368~1644)
 Kublai Khan, a
Mongol general
 Spread to Asia,
Europe, and
africa
 Printing,
medicine and
the compass
introduced to
Europe
 Qing Dynasty
(1616~1911)
 Zhu
Yuanzhang,
restoring the
rule of the
Han people
 Eight-legged
Essay for the
civil service
examination
 Manchu
controlled
China
 Continued the
Confucian
civil service
system
 The NeoConfucian
philosophy
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Mark Du, School of Inter’l Trade of JUFE
Homework
Do the research about your contry
history, and compare it with Chinese
history at the same time
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Mark Du, School of Inter’l Trade of JUFE