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Chapter 18 - Taxonomy
I. Taxonomy - The science of _____________________living things
A. Taxonomy is essential because:
1. Need for order and ___________________________________
2. Ease of _________________newly discovered organism
3. Goes beyond ________________________________
4. Goes beyond _________________________________________
5. Helps show ___________________________
B. History of Classification
1. Aristotle – classified org. into 2 groups:
a. ____________________
b. ____________________
2. Problem: plants were classified by________________________, animals by
______________________- INCONSISTENT
3. Carolus Linneaus – introduced “binomial nomenclature”
a. Each org. given 2 word __________________name
i. 1st name – ____________________(noun)
ii. 2nd name – ________________________(adj.)
b. Name is _____________________________or italicized
c. System based entirely on ___________________________
II. Modern Taxonomy
A. Uses ___________________________ structures
B. Comparative ____________________________
C. Modern ___________________________
D. _______________________
E. Phylogeny (____________________________)
F. _____________________________
III. Classification System
A. System starts broad and becomes specific
1. ___________________________
2. ___________________________
3. ___________________________
4. ___________________________
5. ___________________________
6. ___________________________
7. ___________________________
B. Six Kingdoms
1. Eubacteria
a. Common ________________________
b. _________________________
c. _________________________
d. 5000 species
2. Archeobacteria
a. ________________________ bacteria
b. Live in ____________________________ conditions
c. Cell membrane and cell wall different than Eubacteria
3. Protista
a. _______________________________
b. __________________________________________
c. Animal-like, plantlike, funguslike
d. Very diverse group
4. Fungi
a. ___________________________________
b. ___________________________________
c. Cell walls made of ________________________
d. Unicellular/multicellular
e. _________________________________
f. 100,000 species
5. Plantae
a. Cell walls made of __________________________
b. Multicellular
c. ________________________________
d. ________________________________
e. 500,000 species
6. Animalia
a. ______________________________
b. ______________________________
c. No cell walls
Memorize Chart on page 459!!!!
Chapter 19-1: Bacteria
Bacteria are classified into 2 kingdoms:
1. Kingdom __________________________
(ancient bacteria)
2. Kingdom __________________________
(true bacteria)
Characteristics of Bacteria
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Microscopic
_________________
Prokaryotic (no ________________)
Have a ______________________
Can be heterotrophic or autotrophic
Kingdom _________________: contains 3 groups found in extreme conditions
1. _______________: live in oxygen-free environments such as thick mud, swamps, or
digestive tracts (convert carbon dioxide to methane gas); essential in sewage
treatment.
2. _______________: live in areas with high salt concentration such as the Great Salt Lake
and the Dead Sea.
3. _____________________: found in hot, acid waters in such places as Yellowstone Nat’l
Park.
Kingdom __________________:
1. Cell Shape:
a. Rod-shaped: ___________
b. Sphere-shaped: __________
c. Spiral shaped: __________
2. Arrangements:
a. _________ : long chain
b. __________ : clump or cluster
c. __________ : paired
***Sometimes the name tells the shape of the
bacteria:
Streptococcus: _____________________________
Staphylococcus: ___________________________
Streptobacillus: _____________________________
Diplococci: ________________________________
3. Cell Wall Structure:
_________________- technique that uses dyes to determine different types of bacteria as ___________ or
____________. Cells are dyed with a violet dye & iodine, rinsed with alcohol, and stained with a red
dye. Structure of the cell wall determines the response. Gram + traps the violet stain while Gram –
accepts the red stain. Gram + respond to penicillin; Gram – respond to tetracycline (more serious
infections!).
(-)
(+)
4. Bacterial Respiration: how organisms perform life functions:
a. _________________ ________________: Require oxygen (like us).
b. _________________ ________________: Lives in the absence of oxygen (oxygen kills it):
example: __________________ - Botulism!
c. _________________ _______________: Survive with or without oxygen; archaebacteria.
5. Obtain energy by:
a.
b.
1. Decomposers
2. ________________: beneficial; found in digestive system to help break down
food; in humans are E. coli.
3. __________________: disease causing bacteria
a. _______________: ________________= lungs, inflammation, leprosy
________________= enters thru wound, spasms, lockjaw, death
________________= food poisoning
_________________= contaminated food and drink; fatal
b. ______________: _________________
Staphylococcus: Staph infections
_______________(sores, treatable STD)
Streptococcus: strep throat
c. ______________: syphilis= STD causing blindness and eventually death
6. Reproduction:
a. _________ _________: __________; 1 cell
2 cells; population doubles every 20
minutes.
b. ___________________: sexual reproduction; join & exchange genetic info; increases
diversity (and resistance to antibiotics)
c. ________ ___________: ___________ _forms during adverse conditions; very thick,
protective wall; may remain dormant for years.
7. Conditions necessary for growth:
a.
b.
c.
d.
8. Prevention/Control of Bacteria
a. Prevention: public health measures such as
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
b. Control:
1) _________________- chemical capable of inhibiting growth of bacteria such as
penicillin.
2) __________________________ (boiling, refrigeration, steaming, canning, salt,
vinegar, sugar, vacuum packaging.)
Penicillin
Doctors didn't understand that many diseases were caused by microorganisms until the late
______ century.
•
Sulfa drugs developed in 1932 were the first antibiotics, but effective only against one class of
bacteria.
•
_____________________ was discovered by Alexander Fleming in 1929, but no one could figure
out how to produce it.
•
In 1939 two British scientists, Howard Florey and Ernest Chain, figured out how to produce a
stable preparation and showed its value (treating 6 patients).
•
The US was asked in the summer of 1941 to develop mass production.
•
Seen as of tremendous _________________ value.
•
Factory production began in Dec. 1943, though it was restricted to military use until March
1945.
•
9. Importance of Bacteria:
a. E. coli:
b. Cattle:
c. Decomposition of dead matter
d. sewage decomposition: septic tanks; produces purified water; produces
________________
e. food products: ___________________________
f. production of __________
g. some digest __________ (oil spill cleanups)
h. control of pests in farming (increasing crop yields)
i. Nitrogen fixation: nitrogen is needed to produce _____________; the nitrogen in the
atmosphere is not _________; bacteria take this nitrogen and convert to nitrates and
nitrites used by plants... we get from plants. Only bacteria can do this! No them, no us!
j. Phylum _____________________: blue-green bacteria are photosynthetic; supply earth
with _______________.
Chapter 19-2: Viruses
What is a virus?
•
A virus is: an infectious ___________________ consisting of nucleic acid enclosed in a
protein coat.
What Kingdom do viruses belong to?
•
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None! That’s a trick question.
___________________ are non-living!!!
They are simply nucleic acids wrapped in protein.
Viral size
•
Their size is VERY ___________________! Smaller than a ribosome (the smallest have only 4
genes)!
Bacteriophages
•
They are viruses that infect ___________________ such as E. coli
Reproduction
•
A virus MUST ___________________ a cell and take over the cell’s metabolic machinery to
reproduce. An isolated virus is unable to do ANYTHING without a __________ ___________.
•
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Viruses:
lack enzymes for _______________________.
have no ___________________ for protein production.
they are simply packaged ____________ in transit from one host cell to another.
are specific in the types of host cells they can ___________________ (Ex: rabies infects
mammals, swine flu infects pigs and humans, small pox infects humans)
•
In eukaryotes viruses are ___________-__________ (Ex: cold viruses infect upper respiratory
tract, AIDS infects white blood cells, polio infects nerve cells).
Lytic Cycle
•
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examples of viral infections: colds, mumps, rabies
•
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•
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viral DNA takes over the cell’s DNA
_______ _________ attach to cell then the virus ________ _________ _________ _______
__________.
host cell is reprogrammed to copy the viral genes
new ___________________ assemble around new viral DNA to form new viral particles
new viral particles released; cell is destroyed
A.I.M.A.R.
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A- ___________________
I- ___________________
M-___________________
A- ___________________
R- ___________________
Lysogenic Cycle
•
examples are herpes, cold
sores, ________, chicken pox
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tail fibers ___________________ to cell
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Provirus is replicated along with host cell’s DNA
virus ____________ DNA
viral DNA becomes part of cell _______ (this is a ____________; no interference w/normal
cell
function
Can remain in this stage for _______! May enter ________ stage when conditions are
favorable
(changes in temp., food, stress, etc.)
Retroviruses
•
___________________ contain RNA rather than DNA; they cause the cell to produce a
DNA copy of their RNA genes and this DNA is inserted into the DNA of the host cell.
___________________ is an example of a retrovirus.
Chapter 20: Protist Kingdom
I. General Characteristics
A. found in droplets of
water. These “Little Creatures” swimming
around are ________________.
B. Cell structure: ________________
C. Most do not have ______ ______.
D. Most are ______________, but some are _______________
E. Mostly
(photoautotrophic) or
both)
(or
II. Protist are organized by how they _________ __________.
A. Heterotrophic:
B.
Autotrophic:____________________
C.
External digestion-______________________
III.
Animal like Protist are classified by
_____
A. Zoo flagellates
1.
move by _________ (whip - Like structure)
2. Live in __________ and can be ____________.
B.
Sarcodines
1. Move by
(false feet)
2. Heterotrophic
3. ex: ___________
4. Capture food and takes it in the_________ _________.
C. Ciliates
1.
move by
(hair-like structures)
2. ex: _________________
D.
Protists that are classified as ___________ are called ______________:
They do not ________ at all. They are _____________.
1.__
is caused by the sporozoan _________________.
Organism enters the host through _______________ saliva, attaches the lever and causes
red blood cells to burst.
Symptoms :
2. ___________ _____________ ____________ is caused by the protist ________________.
Carried by the ____________ Fly.
Symptoms:
3. .
is caused by an Amoeba
It spreads through ___________________ ___ __________________ ____________.
Symptoms:
4.
________________ or “Montezuma’s revenge” is causes ____________.
Is caused by _____________ _____________
IV. Plant-like Protist are classified as ___________________.
A.
_________ are plantlike because they contain
_______________and undergo_____________________.
B.
Euglenophytes:
i. EX. ________________
ii. These are more animallike, they are
algae with _______________
but no __________ ___________.
C. Diatoms:
i. Has a ______ _________, rich in ___________, the main component of __________________.
ii. The glass-like shells of diatoms are used as
abrasives, polishes, filtering, etc. They also give
___ to reflective paints
that makes pavement lines visible at night.
D. Dinoflagellates:
i. Can be photosynthetic or _________________
ii. Can grow to enormous population sizes.
iii.
Red Tide is caused by release poisonous
______, into
water, seafood become ___________, which can become toxic to __________;
E.Multicellular Algae:
i.
_________ Algae: ______ pigments, live in deep water
ii. _________ Algae: very large in size
iii. _________ Algae: lives as _______________, ______________ or multicellular.
** Algae provide our planet with most of the worlds ___________________.
F.
Fungus-like Protist
List 3 characteristics
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Examples:
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Disease:
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Chapter 21: FUNGI Kingdom
Fungi – The study of fungi is known as ________________
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Most are _______________________ (except for unicellular yeast!)
_______________________
Contain cell walls with a substance called _______________________
________________ cell structure
Decomposers—break down animal waste & ______________ __________________.
Examples of fungi
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Mushrooms
Puffballs
Bread mold
_______________________
Lichen
Symbiotic relationship: the fungus absorbs nutrients from the host (plant) but benefits the host (by
gaining water or nutrients for the plant) in some way. ___________________
Reproduction
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Reproduce by _______________________
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Reproductive cells that _______________________ and develop into new organisms
Important Uses
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Yeast is used for ____________ ____________ & _______________ ___________.
It is used in yogurt.
Found in blue cheese.
Can produce __________________ like penicillin from fruit mold.
Fungal infections
Life cycle of common club
fungi
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