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SUPPORT AND MOVEMENT Support and movement of the body is accomplished by the coordination of the _____________________________ and _______________________________________ systems. SKELETAL SYSTEM The skeleton consists of 206 bones. It is divided into 2 parts: (1) the _____________________ skeleton which is the skull, vertebral column and thorax, and (2) the ___________________________skeleton which consists of the pectoral (shoulder) girdle, the pelvic (hip) girdle and the limbs. The skeleton supports the body gives the body its shape protects _____________________________________ assists ______________________________________ stores ______________________________________ is a site of _____________________ Bones are living structures; they carry out cellular respiration; they have a good blood supply and they have mineral deposits to make them hard and able to support the body. Bone formation occurs throughout life, although most occurs during the first 25 yrs. Bone is among the strongest materials devised by nature - roughly 4 times as strong as concrete! Yet it is only 14% of the body weight. Bone derives its strength by weaving protein and minerals into a tough resilient material. Twothirds of bone is salts, such as calcium and phosphorus. One-third of bone is collagen, which is an elastic protein. It is collagen that yields “glue” when boiled. The bone cells or _________________________ are arranged in the circles around the central canal. The ______________________________ is a tough fibrous tissue that covers and protects the shaft of a long bone. __________________________________ is tough, hard bone that can heal itself when broken. ________________________________ contains red marrow which produces red blood cells. _______________________________ is the soft inner center of bones containing blood vessels and fat cells. A cross section of bone tissue shows concentric circles bunched together. These are the osteons or Haversian systems, which resemble the cut ends of a tree. There is a central canal through which run the blood vessels and nerves. Compact bone A _________________________________ is a place where 2 bones meet. Each bone end has a smooth ____________________ covering to allow easy movement. This reduces friction. Bones are held together at a joint by _______________________________. Examples of joints Immoveable or fixed joints e.g.. the joints of the _______________________________________. Moveable joints include: 1. Ball and socket - which allows circular motion and free movement in all directions. E.g. ________________ and ________________________________________________ 2. Hinge - allows movement in one direction only. E.g. the ___________________ and ___________________. 3. Pivot - ring shaped bones surrounds a pivot joint; allows rotating movement. E.g. Articulation of ________________________________ with the skull. 4. Gliding - where the bones slide over one another giving greater flexibility. E.g. _______________________ and ___________________________. 5. Saddle- allow one bone to slide in two directions. E.g. ______________________________ THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM Movement is achieved when a muscle contracts. When it contracts it does work and uses energy. There are three types of muscle. 1. ___________________________ (striated, voluntary). These are made of long bundles of closely packed muscle __________________. Each fiber contains many protein threads called myofibrils. Two proteins that work together to cause muscle contraction are _________________ and ______________________. Skeletal muscles are connected to bones by ________________________ Skeletal muscles work in ________________________ or opposing pairs. 2. ______________________ (involuntary). These are made from long spindle shaped cells with a single nucleus. They are found in the walls of blood vessels, and lining the digestive system. 3. ____________________ (heart). Cells are branched to form a network; this allows rhythmical contraction. Picture source: long bone http://www.web-books.com/eLibrary/Medicine/Physiology/Skeletal/long_bone.jpg; osteon: http://www.iofbonehealth.org/osteofound/cache/img/1c4b7f3789b78ca537589d3fe3d7c28c/basic-bone-biology-2-455x414.gif Word Bank for Support & Movement Worksheet axial blood cells appendicular minerals osteons osteocyte periosteum spongy bone skeletal skull vital organs compact bone wrist vertebral column knee cartilage muscular shoulder joint ankle ligaments elbow hip smooth cardiac myosin tendons actin muscles marrow skeletal fibers antagonistic saddle Word Bank for Support & Movement Worksheet axial blood cells appendicular minerals osteons osteocyte periosteum spongy bone skeletal skull vital organs compact bone wrist vertebral column knee cartilage muscular shoulder joint ankle ligaments elbow hip smooth cardiac myosin tendons actin muscles marrow skeletal fibers antagonistic saddle Word Bank for Support & Movement Worksheet axial blood cells appendicular minerals osteons osteocyte periosteum spongy bone skeletal skull vital organs compact bone wrist vertebral column knee cartilage muscular shoulder joint ankle ligaments elbow hip smooth cardiac myosin tendons actin muscles marrow skeletal fibers antagonistic saddle Word Bank for Support & Movement Worksheet axial blood cells appendicular minerals osteons osteocyte periosteum spongy bone skeletal skull vital organs compact bone wrist vertebral column knee cartilage muscular shoulder joint ankle ligaments elbow hip smooth cardiac myosin tendons actin muscles marrow skeletal fibers antagonistic saddle
