* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download File
Survey
Document related concepts
Density of states wikipedia , lookup
Classical mechanics wikipedia , lookup
Equations of motion wikipedia , lookup
Elementary particle wikipedia , lookup
Relativistic mechanics wikipedia , lookup
Modified Newtonian dynamics wikipedia , lookup
Classical central-force problem wikipedia , lookup
Centripetal force wikipedia , lookup
Heat transfer physics wikipedia , lookup
Work (physics) wikipedia , lookup
Mass versus weight wikipedia , lookup
Transcript
The Scientific Method Metric/English Units -Conversions Ionic Bonding Covalent Bonding Metallic Bonding Valence Electrons Electron dot diagrams Matter General and Specific properties Mass and Weight -Differences and similarities -When do they change? Inertia Volume Density -How to calculate -Density of water = 1.0 g/ml Synthesis Decomposition Single Replacement Double Replacement Combustion Oxidation/Reduction Dissociation Dispersion Ionization Solubility Acids/Bases pH Phases of Matter Phase Changes -What causes them? Physical and Chemical Properties Physical and Chemical Changes Gas Laws -Charles' Law -Boyle's Law -Combined Gas Law Frame of reference Distance/Displacement Speed/Velocity (constant and average) Acceleration Momentum Mixtures -Examples Solutions -Examples Suspensions Colloids Force (Newton) Weight Friction (Four Types) Inertia Newton's Three Laws Gravity (Free fall) Structure of the Atom 3 Subatomic Particles Nucleus Mass #, Atomic #, Atomic Mass Ions Isotopes Elements Periods and Groups What they tell you about the element Family Names and properties Pressure Pressure in a Fluid -Pascal’s Principle Buoyant Force Buoyancy Density Bernoulli's Principle Archimedes’ Principle Work (Joule, Newton x meter) Power (Watt) Simple Machines (6) Classes of levers Mechanical Advantage Atoms Chemical Symbols Compounds Molecules Chemical Formulas 1 LPPACS Exam Review – Chemistry Topics STRATEGY: Start by reading through your notes to refresh your memory on these topics. Then, use this review sheet as a starting point to identify the areas on which you need to spend more study time. For those areas, go back to homework assignments, quizzes, and reviews to practice more problems. I would also recommend going through all 8 tests. FORMAT: Questions will follow the same format as your previous tests. You will need a calculator. A periodic table will be provided. Science Skills After reading cooking instructions that said to add salt to water before boiling it, Jose guessed that adding salt must make the water boil at a higher temperature. He decided to test his idea by performing the following experiment. Jose measured out 1 quart of distilled water and added to it 2 tablespoons of salt. He then brought the water to a boil and measured its maximum temperature. Jose ran two more trials using 2 tablespoons of salt. He then ran 3 trials each with 4 tablespoons of salt and 6 tablespoon of salt. For each trial in his experiment, Jose used 1 quart of distilled water and the same pot and stove. The average temperature for 2 tablespoons of salt was 102.7C. The average temperature for 4 tablespoons of salt was 105.4C. The average temperature for 6 tablespoons of salt was 107.1C. Since Jose knew that the boiling point of water is 100C, he concluded that adding salt to water does cause it to boil at a higher temperature. 1. What was Jose’s hypothesis? 4. List the dependent and independent variables. 2. What was Jose’s conclusion? 3. What component of experimental design is missing? VOCAB: hypothesis, theory, scientific law, independent variable, dependent variable 5. A sample of cork has a mass of 54 g and a volume of 225 cm3. What is its density? 12. How many centimeters long is the proverbial “10-foot pole?” 6. A typical ant is 3 ___ (unit?) long. 13. How many milliliters are in a 2.0 quart jug of milk? 7. A typical man weighs 85 ___ (unit?). 8. A soda can contains 355 ___ (unit?) of soda. 9. 230 g = 14. Calculate density from the slope of a graph (see test). kg 10. 4.35 m = _ _ cm VOCAB: number, quantity 11. 89.6 mm = ___ m Acids & Bases Identify these properties as acid, base, or both (15-22). 15. A corrosive electrolyte. 16. Produces hydroxide ions in solution. 17. Sour taste. 18. Produces hydrogen ions in solution. 19. Bitter taste and slippery feel. 20. Soap and ammonia are examples. 21. Can be detected with an indicator. 22. Vinegar and lemon juice are examples. 23. The reactants in a neutralization reaction are __________________. 24. The products of a neutralization reaction are __________________. 25. A salt is formed from the ________ of an acid and the ________ of a base. VOCAB: acid, base, indicator, hydronium ion, strong/weak acid or base, pH, buffer, neutralization reaction, salt 2 Matter Classify as solid, liquid, gas, or plasma (26-29). 26. low KE, classified as crystalline or amorphous 37. Describe energy and particles during a phase change. 38. Describe energy and particles between phase changes. 27. very high KE, positively & negatively charged particles 28. high KE, uncharged particles can spread out 29. fairly low KE, particles can move around each other Identify the phase change being described (30-35). 30. A transition from gas to liquid. 31. A transition from liquid to gas at the boiling point. 32. A transition from liquid to solid. 33. A transition from solid to gas. 34. A transition from liquid to gas below the boiling point. Classify the following as element, compound, solution, or heterogeneous mixture (39-42). 39. steam 40. smoke 41. liquid nitrogen 42. Kool-Aid® 43. Compare & contrast solutions, colloids, & suspensions. Classify the following as chemical or physical (44-51). 44. conducts electricity 48. decomposing road kill 45. explosive 49. sublimation of dry ice 46. corrosive 50. grating cheese 47. dissolves in water 51. acid rain damage to marble 52. Compare and contrast mixtures and compounds. 35. A transition from solid to liquid. 36. When atmospheric pressure increases, boiling point ___________. VOCAB: kinetic molecular theory, thermal expansion, kinetic energy, potential energy, heat of fusion, heat of vaporization, Boyle’s Law, Charles’ law, absolute zero Atomic Structure & The Periodic Table Which scientist is responsible for each discovery (5358)? 53. Proposed the “billiard ball” model of the atom. 54. Proposed the existence of a dense, +charged nucleus. 55. Proposed the existence of –charged electrons. 56. Proposed the existence of neutrons. 57. Developed the “electron cloud” model of the atom. 58. Proposed that electrons travel in circular orbits. 61. Mendeleev arranged the elements by _______________________, 62. The largest atoms are in the ____ corner of the table. The most reactive elements are either in the ______________ corner or the _______________ corner. 63. Which is more reactive: Li or Cs? 64. Which is more reactive: Ba or Rn? 65. Draw the electron dot diagrams for Rb and S. 59. Draw atomic models for billiard ball through electron cloud. 60. Draw the Bohr model diagram for magnesium. VOCAB: quark, orbital, isotope, average atomic mass, valence electrons, period, group, metals/nonmetals/metalloids, representative elements/transition metals/inner trans metals 3 Chemical Bonds 66. Why do most atoms form bonds to get 8 valence electrons? Are these compounds ionic or covalent (67-69)? 67. SO3 68. FeCl3 69. NaNO3 Identify these properties as ionic or covalent (70-74). 70. Form individual molecules. 71. Involve the transfer of electrons. 72. Form a crystal lattice structure of charged particles. 73. Involve the sharing of electrons. 74. Conduct electricity in solution. 80. Name these ionic compounds: LiBr, MgSO4, NaNO2. 81. Write molecular formulas for: carbon tetrachloride, sulfur hexafluoride, dinitrogen monoxide. 82. Write ionic formulas for: calcium chloride, aluminum oxide, copper(II) nitrate. Identify these properties as polar or nonpolar (75-78). 75. Usually formed between identical atoms. 83. Write acid formulas for: nitrous acid, phosphoric acid, hydrobromic acid. 76. Involve the unequal sharing of electrons. 77. Create partial + and – charges within the molecule. 78. Involve the equal sharing of electrons. 79. Name these molecular compounds: PCl3, SO2, N2O5. Chemical Reactions Identify as endothermic or exothermic (84-89). VOCAB: octet rule, polar, nonpolar, diatomic elements, oxidation number, polyatomic ion 91. Li + O2 Li2O 84. 2KClO3 + energy 2KCl + 3O2 85. 2Li + 2H2O 2LiOH + H2 + energy 92. C3H8 + O2 CO2 + H2O 86. When substances are mixed, the test tube feels cold. 93. H2SO4 + Al Al2(SO4)3 + H2 87. Green CuCO3 must be heated in order to break it down in black CuO and CO2 gas. 88. In your car’s engine, fuel is burned to produce energy. 89. When substances are mixed, the test tube feels warm. 94. Fe + Cl2 FeCl3 95. H2CO3 + Ba(NO3)2 HNO3 + BaCO3 Balance each equation & identify the reaction (90-95). 90. SiCl4 Si + Cl2 VOCAB: reactants, products, law of conservation of mass, coefficient, exothermic, endothermic 4 LPPACS Exam Review – Physics Topics STRATEGY: Start by reading through your notes to refresh your memory on these topics. Then, use this review sheet as a starting point to identify the areas on which you need to spend more study time. For those areas, go back to homework assignments, quizzes, and reviews to practice more problems. I would also recommend going through all of your tests. FORMAT: Questions will include multiple-choice and matching. You will need a calculator. A formula bank will be provided including the value for the acceleration due to gravity. Motion & Forces 96. Newton’s first law of motion states that an object stays at rest unless a ___ acts on it. 97. A person in a head-on car collision, who is not wearing a seat belt, continues to move forward at the original speed of the car because of ___. 98. Forces that are equal in size and opposite in direction are called ___. 99. What type of force causes the motion of an object to change? 100. Which of the following objects has the greatest inertia? – baseball, ping pong ball, bowling ball, marble 101. When an astronaut goes to the moon, which will decrease, his mass or his weight? 102. What two factors influence the amount of gravitational force? When is gravity strongest? 103. What two factors influence the amount of friction? When is friction greatest? 104. Practice reading distance-time and speed-time graphs (see test & worksheets). 105. Debbie is planning a road trip that is 250 km long. How many hours will it take her if she drives at an average speed of 104 km/h (about 65 mph)? 106. Jill’s car has a maximum acceleration of 8.7 miles per hour per second (mi/h/s). How many seconds does it take her to accelerate from 0 to 60 miles per hour (mi/h)? 107. A feather and a penny are dropped from a height of 2 meters. Which object will hit first without air resistance? With air resistance? 108. A 4.5 kg cat leaps up onto the counter with a force of 38 N. What is her acceleration? 109. Find the weight of the 4.5 kg cat in newtons. 110. How can an object in circular motion be accelerating even when it moves at a constant speed? In what direction is it accelerating? 111. A cannonball is shot horizontally off a cliff at 8 m/s. At the same moment, a baseball is dropped straight down. Which ball will hit the ground first and why? 112. Describe the vertical and horizontal velocities of a projectile. Ryan, an 82-kg figure skater, is moving left at a constant velocity. Laura, his 50-kg partner, is standing motionless. When they meet, they move left together. (#42-45) 113. Describe the action-reaction pair during the collision. 114. Which of the two forces is greater? 115. Which skater will have greater acceleration? 116. Describe the conservation of momentum before and after the collision. 117. The large piston of a hydraulic lift has an area that is 5 times greater than that of the small piston. If 20 N of force is applied to the small piston, what force will be exerted by the large piston? What principle is involved? 118. Explain why a brick sinks in a bucket of water, but an equal-sized block of wood floats. What principle is involved? 119. Why does a piece of paper rise as you blow over it? What principle is involved? 120. What happens to a fluid when it is forced through a smaller opening? What principle is involved? VOCAB: acceleration, force, friction, gravity, inertia, motion, speed, velocity, air resistance, Archimedes’ Principle, Bernoulli’s Principle, buoyant force, Newton’s Second Law, Newton’s Third Law, Pascal’s Principle, terminal velocity, Venturi Effect Machines 121. Describe the relationship between work input & work output. 122. A machine with MA less than one multiplies ___. A machine with MA greater than one multiplies ___. What is does a machine with MA equal to one do? 123. Susan uses a system of pulleys to lift a 280 N box, but she only exerts 88 N. What is the MA of the pulley system? 124. Practice labeling the fulcrum, effort, & resistance on levers and identifying the class of lever. 125. You need to build a wheel-&-axle for a well that lifts a 250 N weight using only 50 N of force. If the axle has a radius of 1.5 cm, what radius does the hand crank need to have? 126. Practice identifying the IMA of a pulley or pulley system. 127. How much force will you have to exert in order to push an 1800 N piano up a ramp that is 1.5 m high and 6 m long? 128. Using a block-and-tackle, a mechanic pulls 7.2 m of chain with a force of 80 N in order to lift a 260 N motor to a height of 1.8 m. What is the efficiency of the blockand-tackle? 129. What force causes the efficiency of a machine to be reduced? 130. How much power is used to lift a 2500N elevator 3.5m in 45s? VOCAB: machine, simple machine, compound machine, effort and resistance forces, work input and output, lever, pulley, wheel-&-axle, inclined plane, screw, wedge mechanical advantage 5