Download Chapter 7 Essential Questions Study Guide

Chapter 7 Essential Questions
Study Guide
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Section 1: Manifest Destiny
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Essential Question
– How did Americans apply the concept of manifest destiny during the Antebellum
period?
What words do I need to know
– Manifest Destiny
– annex
– skirmish
Manifest Destiny
• A Northern journalist (1845) wrote that the manifest destiny of the U.S. was “to
overspread the continent allotted by Providence for the free descendants of our yearly
multiplying millions”
• The country’s leaders steadily increased territory and fought to protect its citizens across
the continent
The Nation Grows
• Texas won independence from Mexico in 1836; annexed as the 28th state in 1845
• The U.S. declared war on Mexico to secure Rio Grande as the Mexican/U.S. border
• Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848) gave the U.S. the territory encompassing
California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, most of New Mexico, and parts of Wyoming and
Colorado.
• Gadsden Purchase (1853) bought the southern part of New Mexico
Oregon Territory and Western Migration
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Area west of the Rocky Mountains and north of California
In 1818 treaty, the U.S. and Great Britain set boundary between the U.S. and Canada at
the 49th parallel
The Oregon and Santa Fe trails were the favored routes west by settlers
Between 1848 and 1850, the population of California increased tenfold; most of these
settlers were seeking gold
Section 2: Deepening Divisions
•
ESSENTIAL QUESTION
– How did the North and South differ before the Civil War?
•
What words do I need to know?
– states’ rights
– Missouri Compromise
– sectionalism
– Compromise of 1850
– Kansas-Nebraska Act
–
States’ Rights
• States’ rights: Belief that the state’s interests take precedence over interests of national
government
• Northern states believed that all states should abide by laws made by the national
government
• Southern states believed that states had right to govern themselves and decide what
would be best for their own situation
Differences: North and South
• Class Structure: North generally based on wealth; South based on wealth and being “born
into the right family”
• Slavery: North wanted it abolished; South supported it
• Southern planter system consisted of large and small categories; the wealthiest had the
most land and the most slaves
• Economy: Northern based on mining, industry, banks, stores, and railroads; Southern
based on agriculture, including cotton, rice, and indigo
• Southerners resented tariffs, which raised import prices; the South imported more than
the North
Freed Blacks and Slaves
• 500,000 freed blacks; only 6 percent lived in South (mostly Virginia and Maryland)
• By 1860, 11.5 percent of nation’s 4 million slaves lived in Georgia
• 3,500 freed blacks lived in Georgia by 1860
• Slaves in the lower South cultivated “King Cotton,” which accounted for 50% of
America’s exports
The Abolitionists
• Led the movement to do away with slavery
• Many northern whites, some southern
and free blacks were involved
• Made speeches, wrote books and articles, and offered their homes as safe houses for
runaway slaves
• Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1852), by Harriet Beecher Stowe, portrayed slavery’s evils; the book
sold more than 1 million copies
• North Star and The Abolitionist were anti-slavery newspapers
The Missouri Compromise
• Approved in 1820; Maine entered the Union as a free state, and Missouri entered as a
slave state
• 11 states allowed slavery and 11 states did not
• Prohibited slavery north of 36°20' latitude (the southern border of Missouri), and
included Louisiana Territory lands west of Missouri
• Temporarily solved slavery controversy between the states
The Dred Scott Decision
• Supreme Court ruling in 1857
• A slave filed suit after he lived in free states with his owner but was returned to slave
state
• Court ruled that slaves were not citizens and could not file lawsuits
• Court also ruled that Congress could not stop slavery in the territories
• Decision further separated the North and South
The Compromise of 1850
• California would enter Union as a free state
• New Mexico territory would not become part of Texas or a guaranteed slave state
• The District of Columbia would no longer trade slaves, but slave owners there could keep
their slaves
• Runaway slaves could be returned to their owners in slave states
• Utah and New Mexico territories could decide if they wanted to allow slaves or not
The Kansas-Nebraska Act
• Created the territories of Kansas and Nebraska
• Those territories had right of popular sovereignty
• Popular sovereignty: When a territory asked for statehood, the people could vote on
slavery
• Freesoilers in those territories fought against Abolitionists and proslavery supporters
Section 3: Slavery as a Way of Life
•
ESSENTIAL QUESTION
– What was life like for Georgia slaves during the Antebellum period?
•
What words do I need to know?
– driver
– slave code
– arsenal
– Underground Railroad
Hard work, Simple living
• Slaves worked long hours in swampy rice fields or tobacco and cotton fields
• Work began at sunup and continued until sundown; overseers punished slaves who did
not harvest enough
• Drivers, older slaves trusted by the plantation owner, also supervised the field hands
• Slave children, as young as five, also worked hard on the plantations and farms
• Slave cabins were small, very simply furnished, and crudely built; foods were basic
Slave Family Life
• Slave families sometimes became separated
• Owners encouraged marriage; slave children became property of the mother’s owner
• Religion was important; black preachers spoke of freedom and justice
• Spiritual songs encouraged slaves throughout their lives
• Education was nearly nonexistent, although minimal reading and writing skills were
permitted by some slave owners
Slave Rebellions
• 1831 - Nat Turner led bloody rebellion in Virginia; between 57 and 85 people died;
Turner was hanged
• Nat Turner’s Rebellion and other unsuccessful rebellions prompted strict laws across the
South designed to curtail slave movements, meetings, and efforts to learn to read and
write
• These laws applied to both slaves and freed blacks
Slave Codes
• Took away nearly all rights of slaves
• Slaves could not carry weapons, make any contact with white people
• People who tried to teach people of color were punished; slaves could not work any job
involving reading and writing
• Slaves had little time to talk together
John Brown
• White abolitionist led a raid on federal arsenal (arms storehouse) at Harper’s Ferry,
Virginia
• Brown wanted ammunition to lead a rebellion to free the South’s slaves
• He was captured and hanged for treason
• The Brown raid added to fear and distrust, especially in the South; to many Northerners,
Brown became a hero
The Underground Railroad
• Network of roads, houses, river crossings, boats, wagons, woods, and streams operated
by blacks and whites
• Provided a trail of flight for runaway slaves seeking freedom in Canada or the Northern
states
• Safe stops along the way called stations
• Ex-slave Harriet Tubman personally helped more than 300 slaves escape to freedom
Section 4: Antebellum Georgia
•
ESSENTIAL QUESTION
– What was Georgia like before the Civil War?
•
What words do I need to know?
– Know-Nothing Party
– Great Revival Movement
– Milledgeville
Georgia’s Pre-War Economy
• 68,000 farms by 1860; cotton was chief crop
• 500 plantations (500 acres or more); most farms were less than 100 acres
• 60 percent of Georgians owned no slaves; only 236 had 100 or more slaves
• Half of Georgia’s total wealth was in slaves ($400 million)
• 1,890 factories in Georgia by 1860; about $11 million in value
Education
• Most Georgians had little education
• 20 percent of Georgians were illiterate in 1850
• $100,000 allotted in 1858 to begin free schools; the outbreak of the Civil War delayed
these plans
• Georgia’s first law school founded in 1859
• Slaves were not given educational opportunities
Religion
• Georgians involved in the Great Revival Movement of the early 1800s
• Camp meetings popular, especially among Methodists
• By 1860, Georgia second only to Virginia in the South in number of churches
• Methodists and Baptists most common denominations
Antebellum Georgia Politics
• Democrats and Whigs were two major political parties
• Democrats supported states’ rights; took strong stand for slavery
• Whigs mainly from upper social classes; favored moderate protective tariff and federal
help for the South
• Most governors were Whigs; most legislators were Democrats
Know-Nothing Party
• Leading Georgians formed two new political parties; one party favored the Compromise
of 1850 while the other did not
• A secret party, the Know-Nothing party, did not want immigrants to become citizens or
anyone not born in the United States to hold political office
• Members answered all questions, “I don’t know”
• By 1856, Democrats were dominant party; Dem. Joseph E. Brown, elected governor in
1856, served during the Civil War
Section 5: The Election of 1860
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ESSENTIAL QUESTION
– What steps led to Georgia’s secession from the Union in 1861?
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What words do I need to know?
– Republican Party
– secession
– platform
– ordinance
– Confederate States of America
The Republican Party
• Republican Party formed in 1854 in free states
• Antislavery Whigs and Democrats joined
• Nominated Abraham Lincoln of Illinois as their candidate in 1860
• Southern and Northern Democrats split over slavery issues and nominated separate
candidates
• Southerners angrily viewed the plans of the Republicans as non-beneficial to the South
Georgia and Lincoln’s Election
• Georgians were, for the most part, for the Union; however, they were strongly for states’
rights
• Despite lawmakers’ strong debates for and against secession, a Secession convention
began in January 1861 in Milledgeville, the capital
• A secession ordinance (bill) passed 208-89
• The Southern states who seceded met in Montgomery, Alabama in February, 1861; they
formed the Confederate States of America
Georgians in Leadership
• Robert Toombs named Secretary of State of the Confederate States of American (CSA)
• Alexander H. Stephens named Vice-President
• Governor Joseph E. Brown favored secession and used his terms as governor to prepare
Georgia for war