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Chapter 1: Organization of the Body 1. A) B) C) D) Ans: Which of the following pairs are opposing terms? superior/posterior superior/inferior anterior/inferior superior/anterior B 2. A) B) C) D) Ans: Which term refers to the back? inferior lateral posterior peripheral C 3. A) B) C) D) Ans: Which section divide(s) the body into right and left? sagittal transverse frontal sagittal and transverse A 4. A) B) C) D) Ans: Which is more anterior? abdomen vertebral lumbar occipital A 5. A) B) Ans: Which term refers to the study of how an organ functions? anatomy physiology B 6. Arrange the following terms from the smallest to the largest: 1) cell, 2) organelle, 3) atom, 4) organ, 5) tissue. A) 3,2,1,5,4 B) 1,2,3,4,5 C) 5,4,3,2,1 D) 3,1,5,4,2 Ans: A Page 1 figure 1.1 7. Which letter in figure 1.1 points to the pectoral region? Ans: b 8. Which letter in figure 1.1 points to the oral region? Ans: d 9. Which letter in figure 1.1 points to the lumbar region? Ans: a 10. Which letter in figure 1.1 points to the axillary region? Ans: c 11. A) B) C) Ans: The thoracic cavity is in which region? ventral cavity dorsal cavity abdominopelvic cavity C 12. A) B) C) Ans: The brain is in which region? ventral cavity dorsal cavity abdominopelvic cavity A 13. A) B) C) Ans: The stomach is in which region? ventral cavity dorsal cavity abdominopelvic cavity B Page 2 14. A) B) C) D) Ans: Integration and coordination are part of the body's nervous system. skin. skeleton. circulation. A 15. A) B) C) D) Ans: Skin is part of integration and coordination. the integumentary system. transportation. support and movement. B 16. A) B) C) D) Ans: Which part of the body plays a major part in support and movement? nervous system skin skeleton circulation C 17. A) B) C) D) Ans: Transportation within the body is mainly part of the nervous system. the skin. the skeleton. circulation. D 18. A) B) C) D) Ans: Appendicular refers to the skull. thorax. legs and arms. skull and thorax. C 19. A) B) C) D) Ans: A group of similar cells performing a specialized function is referred to as a(n) tissue. organ. molecule. system. A Page 3 20. A) B) C) D) Ans: An organism consists of molecules. cells. organs. all of these choices. D 21. A) B) C) D) Ans: Cells are to tissues as tissues are to systems. molecules. organs. organelles. C 22. A) B) C) D) Ans: Which two cavities does the diaphragm separate? abdominal and pelvic dorsal and ventral thoracic and abdominal cranial and spinal C 23. A) B) C) D) Ans: Visceral refers to organs. tissues. cells. atoms. A 24. A) B) C) D) E) Ans: The head is in which region? cephalic lumbar brachial pectoral pedal A 25. A) B) C) D) E) Ans: The arm is in which region? cephalic lumbar brachial pectoral pedal C Page 4 26. A) B) C) D) E) Ans: The lower back is in which region? cephalic lumbar brachial pectoral pedal B 27. A) B) C) D) E) Ans: The foot is in which region? cephalic lumbar brachial pectoral pedal E 28. A) B) C) D) E) Ans: The chest is in which region? cephalic lumbar brachial pectoral pedal D 29. A) B) C) D) Ans: Which system are the blood vessels part of? endocrine circulatory reproductive nervous B 30. A) B) C) D) Ans: Which system are the hormones part of? endocrine circulatory reproductive nervous A 31. A) B) C) D) Ans: Which system are the testes part of? endocrine circulatory reproductive nervous C Page 5 32. A) B) C) D) Ans: Which system is the spinal cord part of? endocrine circulatory reproductive nervous D figure 1.2 33. Which letter in figure 1.2 points to the ventral cavity? Ans: d 34. Which letter in figure 1.2 points to the abdominal cavity? Ans: a 35. Which letter in figure 1.2 points to the cranial cavity? Ans: c 36. Which letter in figure 1.2 points to the dorsal cavity? Ans: b 37. Which letter in figure 1.2 points to the diaphragm? Ans: e 38. If a person was diagnosed as having a tumor in the dorsal cavity, where might you expect to find it? A) abdominal or pelvic cavities B) superior or inferior cavities C) thoracic or abdominal cavities D) cranial or spinal cavities Ans: D Page 6 39. A) B) C) D) Ans: If a person has a rash in the cephalic region, where is it located? head lower back arm chest A 40. A) B) C) D) Ans: If a person has a sore in the oral cavity, where is it located? head lower back mouth head C 41. A) B) C) D) Ans: Homeostasis refers to changing external conditions. stable external conditions. changing internal conditions. stable internal conditions. D 42. Which of the following provides the best example of a negative feedback control mechanism? A) increase in body temperature due to exercise B) increase in body temperature due to illness C) decrease in body temperature due to a drop in external temperature D) shivering in order to generate heat due to a drop in body temperature Ans: D 43. List the systems involved in processing and transporting, and discuss the activities of each. Ans: Digestive system receives food and digests it so it can enter body cells. Circulatory system transports nutrients and oxygen to the cells and takes away the waste. Respiratory system brings oxygen into the lungs and takes out carbon dioxide. Urinary system takes out nitrogenous waste and regulates fluid and chemical levels in the blood. 44. Explain what controls homeostasis. Ans: Homeostasis is primarily controlled by the endocrine and nervous systems. Both systems monitor the internal environment. The glands of the endocrine system secrete hormones which effect changes in target organs, and the nerves of the nervous system carry nerve impulses to target organs, thereby regulating their functioning. Page 7 45. Explain why homeostasis is important in prevention of disease. Ans: Homeostasis is responsible for our internal environment remaining constant so the cells remain healthy and alive. 46. What two major breakthroughs have made organ transplants more possible? Ans: 1. Solutions have been developed that preserve donor organs for several hours. 2. Immunosuppressive drugs are administered that prevent rejection of transplanted organs. 47. What are the aspects of the internal environment; of the external environment? Ans: Aspects of the internal environment include, blood glucose concentration, blood nutrient concentration, blood waste concentration, blood pH, blood pressure, blood temperature, and blood oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations. Aspects of the external environment include, ambient temperature and pressure, and the availability of food and water. 48. Differentiate between local, systemic, acute, and chronic disease. Ans: A local disease affects a specific part of the body, a systemic disease affects the entire body or several organ systems, an acute disease occurs suddenly and generally lasts a short time, and a chronic disease develops slowly and is generally long-term. 49. List the levels of organization of the human body in order from least complex to most complex and provide a brief description of each level. Ans: Atom = Microscopic subcomponent particle of all chemicals. Molecule = Formed when atoms join together. Macromolecule = Large molecule formed from smaller subunit molecules. Organelle = Membranous structure that performs a function in a cell. Cell = Basic unit of all living things. Tissue = Formed from similar types of cells. Organ = Composed of several types of tissues and performs a particular function in an organ system. Organ system = A collection of organs that work together to perform a broad function in an organism. Organism = A human being. 50. Distinguish between anatomy and physiology, then explain how they are related. Ans: Whereas anatomy is the study of the structure of body parts, physiology is the study of the functioning of body parts. Anatomy and physiology are closely related in that the structure of any body part suits its function. Page 8 51. Explain why the heating of your home is an example of a negative feedback mechanism. Ans: In a home, when the temperature drops below the level set on the thermostat, the thermostat will signal the furnace to switch on. The furnace produces heat that is transported throughout the house and the temperature rises. This is an example of negative feedback because the response (production of heat) was the opposite or negative of the stimulus (low temperature). 52. List the organ systems that allow for body movement and describe the role each system plays in the production of movement. Ans: The skeletal and muscular systems allow for body movement. The bones of the skeletal system serve as attachment sites for muscles and contraction of the muscles of the muscular system serves to move the bones. 53. Which subatomic particle is involved in CAT scanning and how is it used? Which is involved in MRI and how is it used? Ans: During CAT scanning, X rays (high speed electrons) are sent through the body and their interactions with tissues of different densities result in an image. During MRI, short bursts of a powerful magnetic field cause protons (hydrogen ions) to momentarily line up. When the protons fall out of alignment, they produce signals that can be used to construct an image. 54. List two items that decrease the likelihood of organ rejection. Ans: 1. Careful selection of organ to be transplanted to insure that the cell surface molecules of the donor match those of the recipient. 2. Immunosuppressive drugs like cyclosporine. 55. Contrast positive and negative feedback mechanisms with regard to their general outcomes. Ans: Whereas negative feedback is used to maintain a specific factor (e.g. body temperature) within an acceptable range, positive feedback is used to drive a process (e.g. childbirth) to completion. 56. Which of the following occurs as a result of positive feedback and assists in the maintenance of homeostasis? A) body temperature regulation B) blood pH regulation C) blood clot formation D) blood cell production Ans: C Page 9 57. A) B) C) D) Ans: Which refers to a membrane attached to the surface of a lung? visceral pleura parietal pleura visceral peritoneum parietal peritoneum A Page 10