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List of Cell Terms Terms Definition Chromatin Within the nucleus; a fibrous material made of DNA and proteins Chromosome Tightly coiled chromatin Light microscopes (LMs) Microscopes that use visible light to pass through the specimen and through glass lenses Nucleus contains the chromatin, nucleolus, and nuclear envelope; contains most of the genes in the eukaryotic cell Contractile vacuoles pumps excess water out of the cell (in many freshwater protists) cytoplasmic streaming a circular flow of cytoplasm within cells; speeds the distribution of materials with the cell - amoeba flagella locomotor appendages; has an undulating motion Electron microscope A microscope that instead of using light, focuses a beam of electrons through the specimen or on its surface cytoskeleton a network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm; gives the cell mechanical support, maintains shape, provides anchorage for organelles, motility Magnification the ratio of an object's image to its real size nucleolus a prominent structure within the nucleus; Ribosomal RNA is snthesized Prokaryotic cell No true nucleus, has circular chromosomes; Domains: Archae and Eubacteria cristae inner foldings of the inner membrane of mitochondria Food Vacuoles formed by phacogytosis; pinches off of the plasma membrane and encloses a food particle Smooth ER part of the ER where the cytoplasmic surface lacks ribosomes Mitochondria sites of cellular respiration (catabolic process that generates ATP); uses oxygen plastids a family of closely related plant organelles (includes chloroplasts (photosynthesis) and amyloplasts (store starch) peroxisome organelle that processes chemicals and toxins, makes H2O2 and breaks it down to water. cell wall prevents the cell from bursting and gives it structure (not in animal cells) centrioles structure in animal cells composed of cylinders of microtubule triplets; a pair involved in animal celll division Microtubules and filaments make up cytoskeleton; eukaryotic cells chloroplasts sites of photosynthesis; found only in plants and algae Terms Definition mitochondrial matrix the compartment in mitochondria that is enclosed by the intermembrane space Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) consists of a network of membranous tubules and sac; continuous with the nuclear envelope (smooth/rough) Vacuoles/Vesicles membrane-bound sacs within the cell (vacuoles larger than vesicles) Phagocytosis A process that describes Amoebas/Protists eating by engulfing smaller organisms or other food particles Chromosome Chromatin fibers that coiled up, becoming thick enough to be discerned as separate structures; occurs when cell prepares to divide Cytoplasm The entire region between the nucleus and the plasma membrane Nuclear envelope a double membrane enclosing the nucleus; perforated by pores vesicles sacs made of membrane; transfer of membrane segments Lysosome a membrane-bound sac of hydrolytic enzymes that the cell uses to digest macromolecules cilia locomotor appendages; usually occur in large numbers, have a back-andforth motion Eukaryotic cell has a true nucleus, linear chromosomes; Domains: Eukarya Central vacuole The largest compartment in the plant cell; functions include storage, waste disposal, protection, and growth Cytosol A semifluid substance within the membrane of cells; where organelles are found Rough ER part of the ER where cytoplasmic surface appears rough due to ribosomes attached Golgi Apparatus A center of manufacturing, warehousing, sorting, and shipping; modifies the products of the ER Plasma membrane at the boundary of every cell, functions as a selective barrier; made of phospholipids and proteins plasmodesmata channel between two animal cells Ribosome particles made of ribosomal RNA and protein; the organelles that carry out protein synthesis (free/bound)
