Download Unit 5: A New Global Age: 1840 – 1914

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Unit 5: A New Global Age: 1840 – 1914
European leaders fought to create strong nations, and nationalism spread. In Italy, revolts
exploded between 1820 and 1848. Germany was brought together as one nation by the
Franco-Prussian War.
Imperialism also swept across the world during the 19th century. European nations established
colonies in Africa and Asia.
In this unit, you will meet nationalism and imperialism face to face. First you will read about
the ways nationalism can bring people together. You will learn why Europeans thought
that imperialism helped the colonized nations. You will also learn why the people in those
colonized nations did not think that imperialism was a good thing.
Chapters in Unit 5
 Chapter 23: Nationalism: 1840–1914 572
 Chapter 24: Imperialism: 1840–1914 590
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Chapter 23: Nationalism: 1840 – 1914
As you have read, nationalism is the loyalty people have for their country. This became a
powerful force for change in the world during the 1800s. In this chapter, you will meet
Giuseppe Mazzini, who led a rebellion in 1848. You will meet Camillo di Cavour, who
united most of Italy. You will also meet Guiseppe Garibaldi, known for his military ability.
Then you will see how Germany was brought together as one nation.
Goals for Learning
 To explain nationalism
 To identify the leaders of Italian unification
 To explain how Germany became a unified nation
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Unification of Italy (1858–1870)
Map Skills: This map shows how Italy became unified as one country by adding territory
between 1858 and 1870. In 1870, the last independent state became part of Italy. Rome
became the capital of Italy.
Study the map, then answer the following questions:
 1. What states became part of the Kingdom of Sardinia in 1859 and 1860?
 2. What state was added to Italy in 1866?
 3. When did the last independent state become part of Italy?
 4. What sea separates Italy from the Ottoman Empire?
 5. Which sea lies to the west of Italy?
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Reading Strategy: Questioning
As you read this chapter, ask yourself questions. You will understand and remember more
information if you ask yourself questions as you read. As you read, ask yourself:
 What is my reason for reading this text?
 What connections can I make between this text and my own life, or something I have read
before?
Key Vocabulary Words
Lesson 1
Multilingual: A society in which a number of languages are spoken
Heritage: The traditions ancestors have passed down
Lesson 2
Prime minister: The leader in some democratic government systems
Lesson 3
Militarism: A nation’s warlike policy or practice
Policy: A plan that helps a person or a country make a decision
Ambassador: A person sent to represent his or her government in another country
Siege: The act of surrounding a city or fort with an army and cutting off its supplies
Negotiate: To talk together, make bargains, and agree on something
Kaiser: The emperor of Germany
Reich: The German word for empire
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Lesson 1: Nationalism
Objectives
 To identify how language and culture affect nationalism
 To explain how foreign invaders, government, and history affect nationalism
 Multilingual
 A society in which a number of languages are spoken
Reading Strategy: Questioning
What do you think you will learn about by reading this lesson?
Nationalism swept across Europe in the 1800s and early 1900s. As you have already learned,
nationalism is loyalty to one’s country. But there are many other things that make up
nationalism.
How Does Language Affect Nationalism?
A common language is an important part of nationalism. Usually the people of one country
speak the same language. This unites them. In some countries, however, people speak
more than one language. This kind of society is multilingual. However, they are still loyal
to their country.
How Does Culture Affect Nationalism?
A common culture is another part of nationalism. The people of a nation often share the same
beliefs, customs, religion, music, and way of life. A belief in freedom, democracy, and
equality unites Americans. A common religion unites people in nations such as Israel or
Iran. Both Japan and China have a culture that is different from other countries. In any
country, the citizens may be different from one another. But they all love their country and
feel loyal to it.
How Do Foreign Invaders Affect Nationalism?
Sometimes people lose their land. Foreign invaders (people from other countries) might take it
over. For example, powerful neighbors have taken over Poland over the years. Also, for
many years, non-Chinese leaders ruled China.
But nationalism can remain even if people lose their land or government. In fact, being invaded
often makes people have more nationalism. For example, today many Palestinians are
scattered throughout the Middle East. They are now fighting for a land of their own.
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 Heritage
 The traditions ancestors have passed down to their descendants
Geography Note
Not all people in European countries felt a sense of nationalism. Many traveled to the United
States to find a better life. Ellis Island, in New York Bay, was the first stop for most. It was
the main U.S. immigration station beginning in 1892. By the time it closed in 1954, more
than 20 million people had passed through its gates.
How Do Government and History Affect Nationalism?
Having only one government is another part of nationalism. For example, people who live in
the 50 states of the United States follow the laws in the Constitution. They also follow the
laws made by the government in Washington, D.C.
A common history is another part of nationalism. In American schools, students study the
history of the United States. They feel pride in their shared history. The flag, the symbol of
Uncle Sam, and the “Star-Spangled Banner?? mean something special to all Americans.
Students in other countries also study their history so they will love their country, be loyal to it,
and value their heritage. Heritage is made up of all the traditions our ancestors have
passed down to us.
Lesson 1 Review
On a sheet of paper, write the answer to each question. Use complete sentences.
 1. Why is a common language an important part of nationalism?
 2. What three things do the people of a nation often share?
 3. How can nationalism remain even when people lose their land?
 4. How does having one government unite people in different parts of a country?
 5. Why do students in other countries study the history of their country?
What do you think?
What do you think is the most important symbol of your country? Why?
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Lesson 2: Growing Nationalism in Italy
Objectives
 To identify three important leaders in Italy and what they did
 To identify the first king of Italy
 Prime minister
 The leader in some democratic government systems
Reading Strategy: Questioning
What details are important to understanding nationalism in Italy?
The Napoleonic Wars gave birth to nationalism in Italy. In Chapter 21, you read about the
Congress of Vienna, which met in 1814 after Napoleon’s defeat. The leaders of this
meeting divided Italy into about 30 states and provinces. Austria, France, and Spain
controlled these provinces.
What Did Giuseppe Mazzini Do?
Many people in Italy had strong nationalist feelings. In 1848, revolts broke out in many states.
Giuseppe Mazzini led the rebellion. Historians call him the “soul?? of Italian unity because
he stood for its spirit of freedom. But Mazzini’s rebellion failed. Thousands of soldiers
from Austria and France marched into Italy and put down the revolt. For the next 20 years,
French troops controlled Rome.
What Did Camillo di Cavour Do?
Count Camillo di Cavour then stepped forward to lead the fight for unity. He was the prime
minister of the Kingdom of Sardinia. A prime minister is the leader in some democratic
government systems.
Sardinia was the only Italian state that an Italian king ruled. (Remember that France, Austria,
and Spain ruled all the other Italian states.)
Cavour was a skilled politician, and he figured out a way to free the Italian states from outside
rule. First, he made a secret agreement with France. Together, they declared war against
Austria in 1859. The combined French-Sardinian army defeated Austria. This action won
the respect of people in all the states of Italy.
Next, nationalist revolts broke out in the northern provinces that Austria controlled. By 1860,
all these provinces had become part of the Kingdom of Sardinia. Cavour planned how to
get two major powers to fight one another and leave Italy alone. Historians call him the
“brain?? of Italian unity.
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Writing About History
What is your opinion of nationalism? Use examples to explain your opinion. Are there events
in the current news that influence what you think? How about the recent past? Write your
opinion in your notebook.
What Did Giuseppe Garibaldi Do?
Cavour united the northern states of Italy, while secretly helping nationalists in the southern
states. In May 1860, a small army of Italian nationalists invaded the island of Sicily.
Giuseppe Garibaldi led them.
Garibaldi always wore a red shirt in battle. His supporters imitated him, and the red shirt
became their uniform. The “Red Shirts?? swept through Sicily and marched northward
toward Rome. There, Garibaldi’s army met up with Sardinian troops. Together, they had
united almost all of Italy. Because of his great military feats, historians call Garibaldi the
“sword?? of the revolution.
Who Became Italy’s First King?
In March 1861, a parliament representing most of the Italian states chose a ruler. King Victor
Emmanuel II of Sardinia became the first king of a unified Italy. In 1870, the last
independent state became part of Italy. Rome became the capital. The parliament set aside
part of Rome for the pope’s use. Vatican City is still the home of the pope and the center of
the Roman Catholic Church.
Communication in History
The Wireless Telegraph
The Italian engineer Guglielmo Marconi invented the wireless telegraph in 1895. He performed
his first experiment near his home in Bologna, Italy. There he transmitted signals on radio
waves across a mile of countryside. In 1901, he sent messages by telegraph a much longer
distance, across the Atlantic Ocean from England to Newfoundland. Marconi went on to
build communication products for ships at sea. A few years later, Canadian Reginald
Fessenden and American Ernst Alexanderson learned how to send speech and music on the
same radio waves. Another American, Lee de Forest, created a device to make these radio
messages louder.
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Then and Now
Vatican City
From 756 to 1870, the pope ruled much of central Italy. However, with the unification of Italy,
the pope’s rule was reduced to one city-state, Vatican City. Established in 1929, Vatican
City is the world’s smallest independent country. Located in northwestern Rome, it has an
area of 110 acres.
Medieval and Renaissance walls surround the city. The most important building is Saint Peter’s
Church. The Vatican, the pope’s palace, is also within these walls. The Sistine Chapel is
part of this palace. Michelangelo painted its ceiling. The government offices of the Roman
Catholic Church are also found here.
Vatican City has its own currency, postal system, and telephone and telegraph services. It also
has a railroad station and a radio station. Its population is less than 1,000.
Lesson 2 Review
On a sheet of paper, write the letter of the answer that correctly completes each sentence.
 1. After 1814, _____ controlled most of the 30 states in Italy.
 A Austria
 B France
 C Spain
 D all of the above
 2. The “soul?? of Italian unity was _____.
 A Mazzini
 B Garibaldi
 C Cavour
 D Victor Emmanuel II
 3. The “brain?? of Italian unity was _____.
 A Mazzini
 B Garibaldi
 C Cavour
 D Victor Emmanuel II
 4. The “sword?? of Italian unity was _____.
 A Mazzini
 B Garibaldi
 C Cavour
 D Victor Emmanuel II
 5. The first king of Italy was _____.
 A Mazzini
 B Garibaldi
 C Cavour
 D Victor Emmanuel II
What do you think?
Red is an easy color to shoot at. Why would Garibaldi wear red in battle?
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Lesson 3: The Unification of Germany
Objectives
 To explain how the failed German Revolution of 1848 affected Germany
 To identify the role Otto von Bismarck played in German unification
 To identify the first ruler of Germany
Reading Strategy: Summarizing
What do you think you will learn by reading about the 1848 German Revolution?
The Napoleonic Wars also gave birth to nationalism in Germany. Germany had many
independent states. From 1814 to 1815, the Congress of Vienna organized the German
Confederation. It included 38 German states and their rulers. But the confederation was
weak.
Soon, the idea of unifying Germany became popular. The people in all the German states spoke
German. They also had the same culture and shared the same land.
Why Did the 1848 German Revolution Fail?
The revolts that swept over Europe in 1848 affected Germany. In April 1849, representatives of
the German states met in a parliament and issued a constitution. The parliament asked the
Prussian king, Frederick Wilhelm IV, to become king of all the German states. (Prussia
was the largest German state.)
The king refused the offer because the people of Germany, and not the princes of all the states,
had offered him the crown. He wanted the nobles, not the common people, to choose him.
Soon, fighting broke out between the liberals and the conservatives. The liberals wanted
gradual change and a democratic government; the conservatives wanted none of this. Then
King Wilhelm sent his Prussian army to break up the parliament. When the liberal leaders
fled, the conservatives once again controlled the German states.
How Did Bismarck Plan to Unite the German States?
After the 1848 revolution failed, most German nationalists thought that only Prussia could unite
Germany. Prussia was the strongest German state and had the best army. In 1862, Otto von
Bismarck became prime minister of Prussia. Bismarck, a member of the rich landlord
class, was loyal to the Prussian king. He wanted to unite all the German states under
Prussia’s leadership.
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 Militarism
 A nation’s warlike policy or practice
 Policy
 A plan that helps a person or a country make a decision
Reading Strategy: Questioning
As you read, notice the details in the text. What questions can you ask yourself about these
details?
Bismarck, who was a conservative, did not believe in democratic rule. In his first speech as
prime minister, he told the Prussian parliament that the only way to solve problems was
“by blood and iron.?? For him, “blood?? meant war and “iron?? meant a king with absolute
power.
What Is Militarism?
Bismarck wanted to make Prussia into a great military power. He forced the Prussian
parliament to give him money to build a strong army. He believed that war would unite the
German states. Historians have a name for this belief: militarism. For such a country,
nothing is more important than the military.
Who Won the Austro-Prussian War?
In 1864, Bismarck’s army defeated Germany’s northern neighbor, Denmark. Then, in 1866, his
army defeated Austria in just seven weeks. To do this, Bismarck used Prussia’s new
railroads and better weapons. After Austria’s defeat, Bismarck forced its neighbor to give
up some of its German land.
Austria gave Hungary more independence. Austria and Hungary each had its own parliament
and officials. However, the Austrian emperor was still the king of Hungary. Also, the two
countries had one policy, or plan, toward other countries. They also shared one army.
Historians call this new empire Austria-Hungary.
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 Ambassador
 A person sent to represent his or her government in another country
 Siege
 The act of surrounding a city or fort with an army and cutting off its supplies
 Negotiate
 To talk together, make bargains, and agree on something
How Did Bismarck Start the Franco-Prussian War?
Next, Bismarck and Prussia went to war with France. It started when the French ambassador, a
representative of the French government, came to Prussia. He wanted to talk to the king
about who should become the next king of Spain.
Bismarck then lied to the newspapers about what the two men said to one another. His lie made
the French think that the Prussian king had said something rude to their ambassador. It
made the Germans think that the French ambassador had threatened them. Nationalists in
both countries felt that they had to go to war. Only then could they defend their national
honor.
Who Won the Franco-Prussian War?
The well-trained Prussian army moved quickly. In 1870, German soldiers poured into northern
France. At the Battle of Sedan, the Prussian army defeated the French and captured about
100,000 French soldiers. Included among them was the French ruler, Napoleon III.
The Prussian army surrounded Paris and cut off its supplies. After this four-month siege, Paris
surrendered. Bismarck forced the French to sign a treaty called the Treaty of Frankfurt.
According to the treaty, France had to pay Prussia a huge sum of money. It also had to give
up two important territories, Alsace and Lorraine. These provinces, which lay on the
border with Germany, contained France’s richest coal and iron fields.
What Was the Second Reich?
The Franco-Prussian War brought all the German states together. After the Austro-Prussian
War, Prussia took control of northern Germany. Then it formed the North German
Confederation. After the Franco-Prussian War, the people in the four southern states joined
the rest of Germany.
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 Kaiser
 The emperor of Germany
 Reich
 The German word for empire
Map Study: Unification of Germany (1865–1871)
This map shows how Germany became unified as one country by adding territory from 1865 to
1871. In what year did Prussia take control of Hanover and Hesse? Name two states that
joined the North German Confederation in 1867. When did Alsace and Lorraine become
part of Germany?
William I agreed to become the first kaiser, or emperor, of Germany. He was crowned in
January 1871 at the French palace of Versailles. Historians call this new German empire
the Second Reich. The German word reich means empire or nation. The Holy Roman
Empire was the First Reich in that part of Europe.
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Lesson 3 Review
On a sheet of paper, use the words from the Word Bank to complete each sentence correctly.
Word Bank
 Bismarck
 Prussia
 Sedan
 Wilhelm I
 Wilhelm IV
 1. Germans looked to _____ for leadership in unifying Germany.
 2. _____ refused the offer to become king of all the German states.
 3. In 1862, _____ became prime minister of Prussia.
 4. In the Battle of _____, the Prussian army defeated the French army.
 5. _____ became the first kaiser of Germany.
What do you think?
Why do you think the Treaty of Frankfurt probably made the French feel ashamed?
Biography
Marie Curie: 1867–1934
Marie Curie was a Polish-born French chemist. She and her husband, Pierre, studied
radioactivity, which is the energy in atoms. Marie received the Nobel Prize in physics in
1903 and in chemistry in 1911.
The Curies wanted everyone to benefit from their studies. During World War I, Marie helped
equip ambulances with X-ray equipment to help wounded soldiers. She even drove
ambulances to the front lines. She also taught others how to use the equipment.
Her work meant that she was often near radioactive materials. Its dangers were not known at
the time. Radiation gave her cancer. In a twist of fate, today we use controlled radiation to
treat cancer.
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Document-Based Reading
A Lady’s Glimpse of the Late War in Bohemia
Little is know about Lizzie Selina Eden, who wrote this account in 1867. She was traveling in
Europe when the Austro-Prussian War broke out in 1866. The Prussian army defeated
Austria in seven weeks.
“Love oft since this strange world began,
Walking his path of awe and wonder,
Has brought a better age to man
In blood, and fire, and battle thunder.
Angels, that with the evening star
Looked down upon the field of doom,
Wept - but serenely, for they saw
Beyond the veil the good to come.??
We went over to Tetschen in the evening, but a gloomy distrust seemed on every face - a dim
foreshadowing of the dismal tidings that burst on us next morning, when the sad fact could
no longer be withheld, and we learnt the melancholy truth that Austria had been beaten utterly and completely beaten.…
It was piteous this evening, and on many succeeding days, to see … raftsmen and wood-cutters
out of employ, and many other sturdy-looking Bohemians who had nothing to do, for there
was no work to be had - standing the whole day on the banks of the Elbe, watching for the
first sight of the victorious Prussian army.
The weather even seemed now to share in the general depression, and changed from the intense
heat of the previous week to cold, chilly days. A melancholy little robin, too, used to come
and perch itself close to my window, and sing its dreary song all day, so that I felt in my
room as melancholy as if I were in a churchyard. I quite longed to be told some day with a
grin by our cheery-looking little waiter … that there were robins for dinner, among which
this one might be included, so that henceforth we should be rid of its doleful song.
Scarcely anyone in England will ever know the extent of the misery and beggary which that
fatal six weeks has brought on Bohemia. Many who were rich and prosperous are now
fearfully reduced, and thousands are literally beggars. All, however, bear their hard doom
with wonderful resignation, and make the best of their sad fate.
Document-Based Questions
 1. What event is Eden describing?
 2. Why is there such sadness around her?
 3. Why does Eden mention the weather?
 4. Why does she want the robin to go away?
 5. Why are the rich people now beggars?
Source: A Lady’s Glimpse of the Late War in Bohemia, by Lizzie Selina Eden, 1867.
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Spotlight Story: Bismark’s Kulturkampf
For centuries the Roman Catholic pope has exercised power over European land owned by the
church. Many of those properties were in Germany. Otto von Bismarck wanted to reduce
the power of the Roman Catholic Church in his empire.
Bismarck was a devoted Protestant. He was afraid that the Catholics in Germany would not be
loyal to his empire. He believed that their only real loyalty was to Rome. In 1871 he began
a program called Kulturkampf, or “struggle for the minds controlling civilization.??
Bismarck led the German parliament to pass laws limiting the power of the church. The Jesuits,
an important order of teaching priests, had to leave Germany. Other clergy members had to
obey strict rules about what they could teach. Those who did not agree to these rules were
imprisoned. Catholics were banned from all jobs connected to government. In 1872
Germany ended all ties with the Vatican.
Bismarck’s government had a very hard time enforcing these rules. In many cases, the
government authorities were secretly working for the Catholic Church. Reaction to the
Kulturkampf brought new support for the Roman Catholic Center Party. Even many nonCatholics who opposed the chancellor’s actions joined the new party. A growing contempt
for the Kulturkampf had become widespread within a very short time. One angry Catholic
even tried to assassinate Bismarck!
Bismarck had encouraged free trade with other countries. This was weakening the Germany
economy, as the country became flooded with foreign goods. People throughout the empire
began to blame Bismarck for their money problems.
The groups that had previously supported Bismarck also favored free trade. He needed to find
backing from more conservative voters. Many of those voters were the very Catholics he
was trying to control. The Catholic political party members agreed to support Bismarck if
he agreed to end his Kulturkampf.
Bismarck began to repeal the laws against Catholics. He reestablished ties with the Vatican. By
1887 he had completely ended the Kulturkampf. Otto von Bismarck knew he had made a
mistake and he worked to correct it. However, he never regained the support of many
people in the growing German middle class.
Wrap-Up
 1. What was the Kulturkampf?
 2. What laws were enacted under the Kulturkampf?
 3. How could the Catholics help Bismarck?
 4. Why did Bismarck end the Kulturkampf?
 5. For how long did the Kulturkampf last?
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Chapter 23 SUMMARY
 Nationalism grows stronger when a group of people have one language, one culture, one
government, and a common history. They share the same customs, music, way of life, and
religion. Nationalism can remain even if people lose their land or their government.
 Giuseppe Mazzini was called the soul of Italian independence because he stood for its spirit
of freedom. He led a failed revolt in 1848.
 Count Camillo di Cavour was known as the brain of Italian unity. He got French support for
Sardinia’s war against Austria. The war won independence for several Italian provinces.
 Giuseppe Garibaldi was called the sword of Italian independence because of his military
accomplishments. He and his Red Shirts freed Sicily. They joined Sardinian troops near
Rome and united Italy.
 Victor Emmanuel II became Italy’s first king. The parliament set aside part of Rome for the
pope. It became Vatican City.
 The German Revolution of 1848 failed. The Prussian ruler refused to become king of all the
German states. German nationalists believed only Prussia, the strongest German state, could
unite Germany.
 In 1862, Otto von Bismarck became Prussia’s prime minister. Prussia was the largest
German state. Bismarck did not believe in democratic rule.
 Bismarck used militarism to conquer the German states. He defeated Austria in just seven
weeks. A new empire, Austria-Hungary, was formed.
 In the Franco-Prussian War of 1870, Prussia defeated France and won French territory. The
remaining independent German states joined Prussia to become a united Germany. William I
became its first kaiser in 1871.
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Chapter 23 REVIEW
On a sheet of paper, use the words from the Word Bank to complete each sentence correctly.
Word Bank
 Bismarck
 Cavour
 Garibaldi
 Mazzini
 Napoleon III
 Napoleonic Wars
 Prussia
 Red Shirts
 Victor Emmanuel II
 Wilhelm I
 1. The _____ started nationalism in Italy.
 2. The _____ were supporters of Giuseppe Garibaldi.
 3. Italy’s first king, chosen in 1861, was _____.
 4. _____ was an Italian nationalist and the “soul?? of Italian unity.
 5. _____ was a skilled politician and the “brain?? of Italian unity.
 6. _____ was a fine soldier and the “sword?? of Italian unity.
 7. _____ was the Prussian prime minister who wanted to unite all the German states under
Prussia’s leadership.
 8. The strongest German state was _____.
 9. In the Battle of Sedan, Prussian soldiers captured _____ and 100,000 other prisoners.
 10. The first kaiser of a united Germany was _____.
On a sheet of paper, write the letter of the answer that correctly completes each sentence.
 11. The love people have for their country is _____.
 A nationalism
 B militarism
 C colonialism
 D protectorate
 12. Another name for a German emperor is _____.
 A conservative
 B liberal
 C kaiser
 D protectorate
 13. Bismarck believed in _____ for Germany.
 A imperialism
 B nationalism
 C militarism
 D all of the above
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 14. After the Franco-Prussian War, Bismarck forced the French to sign the Treaty of _____.
 A France
 B Prussia
 C Frankfurt
 D Lorraine
 15. Prussian King Frederick Wilhelm IV refused to become king because he wanted the
_____ to choose him.
 A nobles
 B common people
 C Germans
 D liberals
On a sheet of paper, write the answer to each question. Use complete sentences.
 16. Why did the 1848 German Revolution fail?
 17. How can an invasion of their land make people have more nationalism?
 18. Why is a common language an important part of nationalism?
Critical Thinking
On a sheet of paper, write your response to each question. Use complete sentences.
 19. Do you agree or disagree with Bismarck that leaders must decide problems with “blood
and iron??? Explain your answer.
 20. Do you think that nationalism is always a good thing? Explain your answer.
Test-Taking Tip: Read multiple-choice questions completely before reading the answer
choices.
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Chapter 24: Imperialism: 1840 – 1914
In this chapter you will learn about imperialism, when European powers took control of Asia
and Africa. There were several reasons for this. Manufacturers in Europe needed new
natural resources. Some missionaries and doctors were concerned for the well being of
people in these countries. Another reason was that many Europeans thought they were
superior to everyone else. They thought it was up to them to “improve?? life for the people
in these countries. The results were often violent.
Goals for Learning
 To explain imperialism
 To describe the effects of imperialism on Asia
 To describe the effects of imperialism on Africa
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Imperialism
Map Skills: Between 1850 and 1900, the world went through great change. By 1900, a few
powerful nations dominated the map. Many countries in Europe had huge empires in
Africa and Asia. The European powers divided nearly all of Africa among themselves.
Outsiders also controlled much of Asia. This map shows European and American
imperialism in Africa, Europe, and Asia.
Study the map, then answer the following questions:
 1. Which European power controlled the largest empire?
 2. What country controlled the island of Madagascar, off the east African coast??
 3. What are the names of three African colonies that Portugal controlled?
 4. What were the major Dutch colonies in Asia?
 5. What country controlled Australia?
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Reading Strategy: Predicting
Previewing a text helps prepare readers look for new information—to predict what will come
next. A prediction is your best guess about what might happen next.:
 As you read the text, notice details that could help you make predictions.
 While you read, check your predictions.
 You may have to change your predictions as you learn more information.
Key Vocabulary Words
Lesson 1
Imperialism: Control or influence a powerful nation has over a weaker nation
Colonialism: The controlling of colonies; another name for imperialism
Market: A place to sell goods
Mother country: A nation that controls a colony
Lesson 2
Sphere of influence: An area in which only one foreign country can trade
Lesson 3
Protectorate: An independent country whose foreign policy is controlled by a major power
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Lesson 1: Imperialism
Objectives
 To explain how industrialization and nationalism helped spread imperialism
 To describe how people’s attitudes and the quest for military power helped imperialism
Reading Strategy: Predicting
Preview the lesson title. Predict what you will learn in this lesson.
 Imperialism
 Control or influence a powerful nation has over a weaker nation
 Colonialism
 The controlling of colonies; another name for imperialism
 Market
 A place to sell goods
 Mother country
 A nation that controls a colony
Imperialism occurs when a powerful nation controls a weaker nation. During the 1500s, many
European countries set up colonies in the Americas. Spain controlled most of Latin
America and England controlled most of North America. Colonialism, or the controlling
of colonies, is another name for imperialism.
By the beginning of the 1800s, however, wars like the American Revolutionary War had
changed Europe’s opinion about colonialism. Colonies seemed to cause more trouble than
they were worth. However, by 1900, the industrialized countries of Europe, Japan, and the
United States controlled nearly the whole world. How did this happen? There are many
reasons.
How Did Industrialism Help Imperialism?
The Industrial Revolution was one reason why imperialism spread. Factory owners in
industrialized nations needed the natural resources and raw materials of other countries. To
keep their factories running, they needed coal, iron ore, gold, silver, tin, and copper. They
could get these from colonies.
These same nations needed places to sell their manufactured goods. That is, they needed
markets. By taking over colonies, they could control markets. Each major nation let its
colonies buy only those goods manufactured in the mother country—the nation that
controls a colony.
How Did Nationalism Help Imperialism?
Some countries thought that an empire would make them look important in the eyes of the
world. Italy, Germany, Japan, and the United States thought colonies would make them as
powerful as England and France. Many countries agreed with the statement that “there has
never been a great power without great colonies.??
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Reading Strategy: Predicting
This about what you predicted earlier. Was your prediction correct, or do you need to change
your prediction?
How Did Militarism Help Imperialism?
In the late 1800s, many countries built up their military power. Sea power was especially
important, because it helped nations control trade routes. Mother countries could use their
colonies as military bases. Ships from these mother countries could stop at colonial ports to
get supplies for the military.
What Attitudes Helped Promote Imperialism?
Many people in Europe and the United States thought that they were better than people from
the East. They thought that these people—especially Africans and Asians—were ignorant
and uncivilized. Westerners believed that they should bring Christianity and western
civilization to these countries.
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Lesson 1 Review
On a sheet of paper, write the answer to each question. Use complete sentences.
 1. What is imperialism?
 2. Why did many countries lose interest in imperialism at the beginning of the 1800s?
 3. What is the connection between the Industrial Revolution and imperialism?
 4. What is the connection between nationalism and imperialism?
 5. Why do you think Europeans and Americans thought of themselves as better than people
from Africa and Asia?
What do you think?
Was imperialism a good thing? Explain your answer.
Then and Now
The Color Khaki
During the American Revolution, British soldiers wore white pants, a shiny black hat, and a
bright red coat. Because of these bright coats, people called them “redcoats?? or “lobster
backs.?? Their uniforms looked great in a parade, but an enemy could easily see these red
coats.
Years later, while fighting in India, the British soldiers decided to make the enemy’s job harder.
They covered their uniforms with brown dirt in the dry season and with mud in the wet
season. In time, the British adopted the dull yellowish-brown color of Indian dirt for their
battle uniforms. Today, we call this “khaki.?? It comes from the Indian word for dust.
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Lesson 2: The Effect of Imperialism on Asia
Objectives
 To explain why India was important to Britain
 To explain why Southeast Asia was important to Europe
 To describe how Japan became imperialistic
By the 1600s, Britain was the greatest sea power in the world. It was also the most
industrialized country and the country that did the most trading. Because of all this, Britain
wanted colonies in Asia. Soon, the British would brag that “the sun never sets on the
British empire.??
Why Was India Important to Britain?
The Mogul Empire ruled most of India in the 1500s and 1600s, but it collapsed in 1707. India
was then divided into many weak, independent states. By the mid-1700s, France and
Britain were fighting each other for control of India. Britain won. At first, the British ruled
India through a privately owned company—the British East India Company. However, in
1858, the British government took over direct rule of India.
India won its independence in 1947. But for nearly 100 years, India was very important to
Britain. It provided Britain with natural resources and raw materials for industry. Its large
population also provided an important market for British goods.
Because India was important to Britain, the British did everything they could to protect India
from other imperialistic countries. In the late 1800s, Russia threatened India on its
northwest boundaries. To protect India, Britain took over neighboring Afghanistan.
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Map Study: Spheres of Influence in China to 1911
This map shows the spheres of influences, or trading areas, in China that existed until 1911.
Which European power had a sphere of influence along the Yangtze River? Which country
had a sphere of influence in Korea? In what lands did the French have a sphere of
influence?
Reading Strategy: Predicting
Based on what you have just read, predict what will happen to Southeast Asia as imperialism
spreads.
Why Was Southeast Asia Important to Europe?
France also threatened British interests in India. France took over much of Southeast Asia, an
area that became known as French Indochina. (Today, this area includes the countries of
Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia.) The British took over Burma to keep the French from
expanding westward. (India lies to the west of Burma, now called Myanmar.) Soon
Ceylon, Malaya, and Singapore also fell under British control.
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 Sphere of influence
 An area in which only one foreign country can trade
When Did Europe Insist on More Trade with China?
China lies east of India. For years Chinese rulers had allowed only limited trade with other
countries. By the late 1800s, however, this limited trade no longer satisfied the Europeans.
They forced China to give them special trade rights. After 1842, Great Britain, France,
Germany, and Russia took over Chinese land and important sea ports. These nations
divided China up into four different trading areas. Each European power controlled the
trade in one of these areas. Historians call this a sphere of influence. The Europeans said
that China was still an independent country. However, its rulers had no say in the
European-controlled trade.
What Happened in Japan in 1867?
For a while, people thought that Japan, too, might fall to Europe’s imperialism. However, a
revolution in 1867 ended the rule of the shogun and returned political power to Emperor
Meiji. This revolution brought great change to Japan.
After 1867, new leaders governed Japan in the emperor’s name. They introduced many
reforms, and Japan set out to become a modern, industrialized nation. It adopted western
ideas in transportation and education. It abolished feudalism. Then the Japanese leaders
wrote a constitution based on the German system Bismarck had developed.
How Did Japan Become Imperialistic?
Next, Japan began to develop a western-style army. In 1876, its leaders passed a law that
ordered all young men to serve in the army. Soon Japan had a modern army and navy.
Japan used its new military power to become imperialistic. From 1894 to 1895, it went to
war with China. China lost and had to give Japan some of its territory.
In 1904, Japan went to war with Russia and won again. It took over Korea and gained
important trading rights in Russian controlled lands in China. Like many European
countries, Japan was now an imperialistic world power.
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Lesson 2 Review
On a sheet of paper, use the words from the Word Bank to complete each sentence correctly.
 1. In 1858, _____ took over direct rule of India.
 2. In the late 1800s, Great Britain took over _____.
 3. In the late 1800s, _____ took over much of Southeast Asia.
 4. _____ became a military power after its revolution in 1867.
 5. Japan became a world power after it defeated China in 1895 and _____ in 1904.
What do you think?
China was once the most powerful and richest country in the world. But in the 1800s,
Europeans began to control its trade. Why did that happen?
600
Lesson 3: The Effect of Imperialism on Africa
Objectives
 To identify colonies that Britain controlled in Africa
 To Identify other countries that controlled colonies in Africa
 To describe how Europeans treated native people
Reading Strategy: Predicting
Based on the first two lessons in this chapter, how do you think the Africans will be treated by
other countries?
 Protectorate
 An independent country whose foreign policy is controlled by a major power
As you know, Europeans wanted colonies in Asia. They wanted them in Africa, too. In the
1870s, Europeans raced one another for colonies there.
What Colonies Did Britain Control in Africa?
By the end of the 1800s, Great Britain controlled what are now the nations of Sudan, Nigeria,
Ghana, Kenya, and Uganda. In 1900, it took over Nigeria. South Africa became a British
colony in 1909.
In 1859, workers began to build the Suez Canal. When it was finished over 10 years later, it
connected the Mediterranean and Red Seas. The canal made the trip from Europe to India
and the Far East much shorter. In 1875, Britain took control of the canal.
A few years later, Egypt became a British protectorate. As a protectorate, Egypt stayed
independent, but Britain controlled its foreign policy. In return, Britain protected Egypt
from attacks by other countries.
How Big Was the French Empire in Africa?
By 1847, France had gained control of Algeria. Soon, France established the largest European
empire in Africa. This empire stretched 2,500 miles from the Atlantic Ocean eastward to
Sudan. France’s holdings in Africa were large, but not rich. Still, other countries respected
France for having such a large empire.
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Writing About History
Imagine you are attending the meeting in Berlin in 1900 as a representative from Africa. Write
a short speech telling the European countries how you feel about having them decide
boundaries in your country.
Reading Strategy: Predicting
Think about your prediction. Was it accurate? Why or why not?
How Big Was the German Empire in Africa?
Germany united as a nation in 1871. It entered the race for African colonies late. Even so, by
1900, only France and Britain had larger empires in Africa. Germany’s colonies were far
apart and not rich. However, its military strength worried other European countries. When
Germany asked these countries to come to a meeting in Berlin, they came. There they
talked about African boundaries. However, no one asked any Africans to come to the
meeting.
What Other European Countries Controlled Africa?
Many other nations had colonies in Africa. Spain and Portugal had the oldest colonies. Belgium
had a large empire in central Africa. Italy, which came late to Africa, had little success
there. It tried to take over Ethiopia, but was defeated. In 1912, Italy did take control of
Tripoli in what is now the nation of Libya. Tripoli was large, but poor.
Many European nations scrambled for empires, but some nations got little or nothing of value.
They felt angry at those who got wealth from their colonies. This led to fighting.
Was Imperialism Good or Bad?
Europeans said that imperialism was good. It brought great improvements in health,
transportation, and education to Africa and Asia. It introduced the ideas of constitutional
government. It also brought jobs and industry to the colonies.
However, many of the colonial people thought that imperialism was bad. They felt that
Europeans got more out of imperialism than they did. Factories in Africa and Asia supplied
cheap goods to Europe. But these factories—owned by Europeans—destroyed native
industry and many people lost their jobs.
Also, the colonial people had no control over their government or their country’s natural
resources. Europeans took the best land and the richest sources of gold, iron, silver, copper,
or other valuable natural resources found in the ground.
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How Did Europeans Treat Native People?
Europeans thought they were better than the native people of Africa and Asia. They tried to
change the religion, the language, and the way of life of these colonized people. This
showed that they had little respect for native culture and customs. In time, this led to a
wave of nationalism among the people of Africa and Asia.
Lesson 3 Review
On a sheet of paper, write the letter of the answer that correctly completes each sentence.
 1. The Suez Canal connected and Mediterranean Sea and the _____ Sea.
 A Algerian
 B Asian
 C Black
 D Red
 2. By 1847, France had gained control of _____.
 A Algeria
 B Sudan
 C Germany
 D Britain
 3. In 1875, _____ took control of the Suez Canal.
 A Britain
 B Germany
 C Italy
 D Nigeria
 3. In 1912, Italy took control of _____.
 A Portugal
 B Spain
 C Tripoli
 D Sudan
 4. Italy tried to take over _____, but was defeated.
 A Belgium
 B Britain
 C Ethiopia
 D Spain
 5. By 1900, only France and Britain had African empires larger than _____.
 A Belgium
 B Germany
 C Spain
 D Egypt
What do you think?
Why would Europeans want Africans to give up their language, religion, and customs?
Biography
Leopold II of Belgium: 1835–1909
Leopold II was born in the Belgian capital of Brussels. At age 20, he entered the Belgian
senate. As a senator, he urged the Belgian government to acquire colonies in Africa. When
the government did not cooperate, Leopold used his own money to pay for an expedition to
central Africa. In 1865, Leopold became king of Belgium, and in 1885, he founded the
Congo Free State. Leopold used a private army to force Africans in the area to work. They
helped Leopold gather a huge personal fortune. About a year before his death, Leopold
turned over the Congo Free State to the Belgian government. It was renamed the Belgian
Congo.
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Document-Based Reading
“That Was No Brother??
The first meeting between white explorers and Africans must have been terrifying to both
groups. The Africans had never seen white-skinned people before. The whites were far
from home and few in number compared to the Africans. Misunderstandings were likely to
occur. This excerpt describes such a meeting from an African’s viewpoint.
When we heard that the man with the white flesh was journeying down the [river] we were
open-mouthed with astonishment. We stood still. All night long the drums announced the
strange news—a man with white flesh! That man, we said to ourselves, has a white skin.
He will be one of our brothers who were drowned in the river. All life comes from the
water, and in the water he has found life. Now he is coming… home…
We will prepare a feast, I ordered. We will go to meet our brother and escort him into the
village with rejoicing! We donned our ceremonial garb. We assembled the great canoes.
We listened for the gong which would announce our brother’s presence… Presently the cry
was heard: He is approaching.… Now he enters the river! Halloh! We swept forward, my
canoe leading,… to meet the first white man our eyes had beheld, and to do him honor.
But as we drew near his canoes there were loud reports, bang! bang! and fire staves spat bits of
iron at us. We were paralyzed with fright; our mouths hung wide open and we could not
shut them. Things such as we had never seen, never heard of, never dreamed of—they
were the work of evil spirits! Several of my men plunged into the water… Some screamed
dreadfully, others… were dead, and blood flowed from little holes in their bodies. “War!
That is war!?? I yelled. “Go back!?? The canoes sped back to our village with all the
strength our spirits could impart to our arms.
That was no brother! That was the worst enemy our country had ever seen…
Now tell me: has the white man dealt fairly by us? Oh, do not speak to me of him! You call us
wicked men, but you white men are much more wicked! You think because you have guns
you can take away our land and our possessions. You have sickness in your heads, for that
is not justice.
Document-Based Questions
 1. Who did the Africans think the white man was?
 2. How did the Africans prepare to greet the white man?
 3. How did the white man greet the Africans?
 4. Why does the writer call white men wicked?
 5. After reading the excerpt, what is your opinion of the white man did?
Source: From The Quest for Africa. © 1957 by Dr. Heinrich Schiffers, G. P. Putnam’s Sons,
New York.
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Spotlight Story: “Dr. Livingstone, I Presume???
For many years, Africa was called the unexplored continent. The African desert made it hard to
travel there by land. Africa’s rivers had many waterfalls and rapids that made travel
difficult.
In the 19th century, religious explorers set out for Africa. They wanted to bring Christianity
and education to the Africans. One of the most famous was David Livingstone.
Livingstone went to Africa to spread Christianity. He also hated slavery and wanted to end
the slave trade. In time, he became well known and was loved by many Africans.
Between 1841 and 1873, Livingstone made three long trips to Africa. In 1849, he crossed the
vast Kalahari Desert. On this trip he explored the Zambezi River. Six years later, he
followed that river eastward to the coast. On that trip, he explored a giant waterfall. He
named it Victoria Falls after the English queen, Queen Victoria.
In 1865, he set out to find the source of the Nile River. He began at Cape Town on the southern
tip of Africa and went north. For many years nothing was heard from him. Many people
thought he had died or become lost.
An American newspaper, the New York Herald, sent a reporter to find Livingstone. The
reporter, Henry Stanley, traveled for 126 days in search of Livingstone. He sent back daily
accounts of what he was seeing and learning in Africa. Some African guides took him to
Ujiji on Lake Tanganyika. In his newspaper account, Stanley described what happened
next. “The expedition at last comes to a halt… I alone have a few more steps to make… As
I come nearer I see the white face of an old man…
We raise our hats and I say, “Dr. Livingstone, I presume???
The two men became friends and explored together. By the end of the trip, Africa fascinated
Stanley. In 1873, Dr. Livingstone died. Stanley continued to explore.
Explorers like Livingstone and Stanley were very important in the scramble for African
territory. Their writings and speeches made people more interested in Africa. They also
convinced some people that slavery was evil and should be stopped.
Wrap-Up
 1. Why did African geography discourage its exploration?
 2. Why did the missionary explorers go to Africa?
 3. What river and waterfall did Livingstone explore on his expeditions?
 4. On his first trip to Africa, for whom did Henry Stanley work? What did he do?
 5. How did Livingstone and Stanley contribute to the scramble for Africa?
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Chapter 24 SUMMARY
 In imperialism or colonialism, a stronger nation controls weaker ones for its own benefit. The
Industrial Revolution contributed to this policy. Factory owners needed raw materials from
colonies and used them as markets for their goods.
 Countries believed that having colonies made them important world powers. Since sea power
was especially important, colonies were used as naval bases.
 In Asia, Britain took control of India, Burma, Ceylon, Malaya, and Singapore. France took
Indochina.
 The Industrial Revolution made colonies into sources of raw materials and markets.
Imperialism made large parts of Asia and Africa into European colonies.
 After 1842, Britain, France, Germany, and Russia divided China into trading areas. They
were called spheres of influence.
 After 1867, Japan modernized and went to war against China and then Russia. It took over
Korea and won trading rights in China.
 European powers divided Africa into colonies. Britain controlled Egypt and the Suez Canal,
South Africa, and several other colonies. French colonies were mainly in West Africa.
Germany, Portugal, Spain, and Belgium also had colonies.
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Chapter 24 REVIEW
On a sheet of paper, use the words from the Word Bank to complete each sentence correctly.
Word Bank
 Algeria
 Bismarck
 British East Indian Company
 China
 Great Britain
 India
 Japan
 Meiji
 Mogul Empire
 Suez Canal
 1. _____ won its independence in 1947.
 2. After 1842, Great Britain, France, Germany, and Russia divided _____ up into four
different trading areas.
 3. Emperor _____ began to make Japan a modern and powerful nation.
 4. _____ rules most of Indian in the 1500s and 1600s.
 5. _____ defeated Russia in 1904 and won control of Korea.
 6. The _____ connected the Mediterranean and Red Seas.
 7. After 1867, new leaders in Japan wrote a constitution based on the German system _____
had developed.
 8. The British rules India through their _____.
 9. By the end of the 1800s, _____ controlled what are now the nations of Sudan, Nigeria,
Ghana, Kenya, and Uganda.
 10. By 1847, France had gained control of _____.
On a sheet of paper, write the letter of the answer that correctly completes each sentence.
 11. A nation’s warlike policy or practice is called _____.
 A imperialism
 B colonialism
 C nationalism
 D militarism
 12. The control by a powerful nation of a weaker one is _____.
 A militarism
 B imperialism
 C nationalism
 D Kaiser
 13. Europeans said that imperialism brought _____ to Africa and Asia.
 A improvements in health
 B jobs and industry
 C better education
 D all of the above
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 14. By the 1600s, _____ was the greatest sea power in the world.
 A Korea
 B India
 C Britain
 D China
 15. In 1904, Japan went to war with _____ and won.
 A Russia
 B China
 C Germany
 D France
 16. By 1900, only Great Britain had a larger empire in Africa than _____.
 A France
 B Germany
 C China
 D Russia
On a sheet of paper, write the answer to each question. Use complete sentences.
 17. What is imperialism?
 18. Which countries became imperial powers during the 19th century?
Critical Thinking
On a sheet of paper, write your response to each question. Use complete sentences.
 19. Do you believe imperialism was more a force for good or a force for evil? Explain your
answer.
 20. Why do you think Europeans gained control over Africa so easily?
Test-Taking Tip: Restate the test directions in your own words. Tell yourself what you are
expected to do.
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Unit 5: Skill Builder
Compare and Contrast
Comparing and contrasting reveals how things are alike and how they are different. People,
ideas, and events are sometimes compared and contrasted in writing. Look for words that
signal comparing and contrasting when you read.
 To compare, ask: “How are these things alike???
 To contrast, ask: “How are these things different???
To decide if things are being compared, look for words, such as:
 also both like similar
 Cavour, like Garibaldi, was a leader in the unification of Italy.
To decide if things are being contrasted, look for words, such as:
 but however instead
 not only while
 Cavour was called the “brain?? of the revolution while Garibaldi was called the “sword.??
Decide whether each of these sentences compares or contrasts.
 1. Mazzini’s revolt was unsuccessful; however, Cavour’s gained Sardinia’s freedom.
 2. Cavour worked to unite the northern Italian states while Garibaldi fought in the south.
 3. Both Cavour and Garibaldi were Italian heroes.
 4. Germany, like Italy, had many independent states.
 5. Ironically, it was not a German, but Napoleon, who began German unification.
Compare and contrast the effects of imperialism. Focus on what happened between
imperialistic European nations and the named areas. In your notebook, write one sentence
about each item. Be sure to use words that compare and contrast.
 6. India
 7. Southeast Asia
 8. China
 9. Japan
 10. Egypt
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Unit 5 SUMMARY
 Nationalism means that a group of people have one language, one culture, one government,
and a common history.
 Giuseppe Mazzini was called the soul of Italian independence because he stood for its spirit
of freedom.
 Count Camillo di Cavour was known as the brain of Italian unity. He got French support for
Sardinia’s war against Austria.
 Giuseppe Garibaldi was called the sword of Italian independence because of his military
accomplishments. He and his Red Shirts freed Sicily.
 The German Revolution of 1848 failed. The Prussian ruler refused to become king of all the
German states. German nationalists believed only Prussia could unite Germany.
 Prussia was the largest German state. In 1862, Otto von Bismarck became Prussia’s prime
minister. Bismarck did not believe in democratic rule.
 Bismarck used militarism to conquer the German states. He defeated Austria in seven weeks.
A new empire, Austria-Hungary, was formed.
 In the Franco-Prussian War of 1870, Prussia defeated France and won French territory. The
remaining independent German states joined Prussia to become Germany.
 In imperialism, a stronger nation controls weaker ones. The Industrial Revolution contributed
to this because Europeans needed the raw materials and markets in Asia and Africa.
 Countries believed that having colonies made them important world powers. Since sea power
was important, colonies were used as naval bases.
 In Asia, Britain took control of India, Burma, Ceylon, Malaya, and Singapore. France took
Indochina.
 Many Europeans thought that imperialism was good because it improved health,
transportation, and education. Also, it brought jobs and industry to the colonies.
 Many of the colonial people thought imperialism was bad. European factories in Africa and
Asia destroyed native industry. The colonial people had no control over their government or
natural resources.
 After 1842, Britain, France, Germany, and Russia divided China into trading areas, or
spheres of influence.
 After 1867, Japan modernized and went to war against China and then Russia. It won Korea
and trading rights in China.