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1 Chemistry Exam Review Sheet The final exam will consist of multiple choice questions to be answered on a scantron answer sheet. The following is a list of topics discussed in class this year to ass you in reviewing for the exam. Since the entire year cannot be repeated in a few review sessions, it would be most beneficial to you if you bring questions and/or areas of concern that you would like to have discussed in class. Please come to me before June 8th if you feel that you need more help with a topic. Measurement of Matter Metric system [How many liters is 200 ml?] Big Mass, Volume, Density (D = M/V) Calculate the density of an object with a mass of 700 g and a volume of 35 cm3? in mg/L? Graphing Lab Equipment (Uses and Names) Lab Safety Confirming Test: Reference vs. Control (water testing lab) How do you separate different mixtures? Water Unit: Physical and Chemical Properties appearance vs. how it reacts? chemically similar? List the physical properties of water. boiling point/ freezing point/ surface tension solids/ liquids/ gases (s/l/g/aq) temperature ? and scales used? Mixtures: SOLUTIONS: solute? solvent? Example Solution Suspension colloid Elements- symbols, Compounds-formulas define? examples? Municipal water treatment vs. Mother Nature List the steps involved in water treatment. Tyndall effect? Settle out? 2 Write formulas of compounds with the help of the periodic table or the oxidation numbers. (charges) a. sodium chloride b. sodium hydroxide c. sulfur dioxide d. Cu (II) and SO4 e. Na and NO3 f. carbon monoxide Ionic compounds (tooth & notch) Solubility Curves solids vs. gases How do I know if a solution is…. Unsaturated? Acid vs. Base Which is the acid? Base? pH scale litmus paper? DO Saturated? NaOH Supersaturated? HCl, how did you know? Ions: Gain or lose electrons. How is a cation or an anion formed? Electron configurations: valence electrons, energy levels Octet Rule? Stable configuration Use valence shell to predict ion formed. Review the 2 handouts from electron configurations. Use this information to predict the formula given two elements. (remember X & Z?) Z has 1s22s22p1 and X has 1s22s22p4 what will be the formula of the compound formed? Like dissolves Like? What does this mean? Polar Non-Polar Ionic RESOURCES: Balance Equations Law of conservation of Matter Renewable vs. Non-renewable Physical and Chemical Changes Has the identity of the substance changed? Physical examples? Observations? Phase changes such as evaporation/condensation? Chemical melting/freezing? Belong in physical or chemical? Metals, Nonmetals, Metalloids (semi-metals) Location and Properties on the periodic table: Do they conduct? Recall lab experience Are they malleable or brittle? Do they react w/ acid? 3 Arrangement of Periodic Table Families (Groups) Rows (Periods) Mendeleev vs. Modern Form Noble Gases Periodic Trends Number of outermost or valence electrons in groups/families and trends in periods Energy level of electrons in outermost shell related to the periods Relate to group characteristics Relate to rows of elements Relate to ion formation (most common ionic charge of families) Chemical properties / Physical properties Predicting bonds formed using the locations of elements on periodic table What trends exist as we go left to right in a period or down a group on the periodic table? Covalent vs. Ionic Example: Use the following chemical formulas and the periodic table to predict chemical formulas for compounds containing the pairs of elements. Na2O BC13 CaC12 A1F3 K and Se Sr and I Ga and Br Al and Br Balancing Equations Coefficients Subscripts Counting atoms CO2 + 2NH3 CON2H4 + H2O Symbols Formulas Moles: Molar Mass = GFM Calculate molar mass for: CaOH Ca3(PO4)2 Mg(OH)2 FeCl3 6.02 x 1023 particles = 1 mole given grams convert to moles? Percent Composition: Given moles convert to grams? mass of solute X 100% = % composition by (mass of solute + solvent) Metal Reactivity: Use of the activity series, significance of location within the series? Will the following reaction happen? Mg + AgCl ? mass 4 Redox Reactions: LEO GER oxidation reduction Oxidizing agent vs. reducing agent examples? Half-reactions Anode vs. cathode PETROLEUM UNIT: Organic vs. Inorganic to build and burn Refining/fractional distillation Viscosity Lab: Calculate D = m/v Relate the # of carbon atoms Hydrocarbons: carbon - hydrogen bonds Alkane vs. Alkene PACKET vs. Alkyne Saturated? Unsaturated? Bonds? Ionic Bonds Covalent Bonds – (Polar vs. Nonpolar, why is O2 non-polar?) Diatomic (HINClBrOF) As number of carbons increase how does the ….. change? As the number of branches increases? Boiling Points trends Viscosity Surface area Intermolecular Forces? What is an isomer? Can you recognize isomers? Straight-chain vs. branched Molecular formulas vs. Structural Formulas vs. Electron-dot Diagrams What is polymerization? Conservation of Energy: Exothermic vs. Endothermic Graphs Chemical Potential Energy of Reactants compared to the Products 5 Types of Energy (Heat, Light, Chemical, etc.) Kinetic vs. potential energy Heat of Combustion: The Table and use of the table increasing or decreasing the number of C's changes the heat of combustion (kj/gram) and the molar heat of combustion (kj/mole) in what way? Which is the better fuel? Why? grams to kj? moles to kj? Specific Heat of water 4.2 J/gC 1 Cal/gC definition? If higher (or lower) than water? What does this mean? Given: Thermal Energy needed = specific heat x change in temperature x mass of water FOODS UNIT: Calorimetry 1 Cal/gC Carbohydrates Proteins Fats 4 Cal/g 4 Cal/g 9 Cal/g CHO monosaccharides/ disaccharides/polysaccharides amino acids peptide linkage saturated vs. unsaturated vs. polyunsaturated? Functional Groups: Carboxylic Acid, Alcohol, Ester, Ether, etc... Limiting Reactants: chemical reactions If you are given moles, what is the LR? ER? How much is left over? If you are given grams? (remember to convert to ‘moles given’ first) Reaction Rates: change rates by? concentration/surface area/temp/catalyst relate to COLLISIONS! AIR UNIT: Characteristics of Gases? demos Color? perfume? The Atmosphere Lab? The Pressure’s On Lab? balloon in flask? marshmallow? Mass & Space 6 Gas Laws: Boyle's Charles Gay-Lusacc's Combined Equations? Examples? Graphs? Ideal vs. Real? Postulates of the Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases? relate collisions? STP: 0C and 1 atm. Kelvin temperature scale vs. Celsius scale? 1 mole of any gas will occupy 22.4 Liters at STP Avogadro's Law? equal volumes of gases at the same temperature and pressure contain the same number of molecules. moles to moles? volume to volume? moles to volume? Heat capacity vs. reflection? Dynamic Equilibrium: Rate of forward reaction = rate of reverse reaction Properties remain constant Does this mean you have equal amounts of product and reactant? Shifts. . . if conditions are changed (the concentration of reactants or products). . . Can you predict the SHIFT? Acid and Base pH related to the hydrogen ion concentration Compare pH values to each other Strong acid & Strong base vs. Weak acid & Weak base? Ionic equations: net and total Neutralization Write the equation for a neutralization Dissociation? 7 Buffers What is a buffer? How do they work? Is it related to Dynamic Equilibrium? H2O + CO2 H2CO3 H+ + HCO3- Electrochemistry Which metal loses electrons? Which loses electrons? Use of the metal activity series, relate to oxidation and reduction. Higher on the table means….? Which metal will act as the cathode or the anode? Write the half reactions for the following equation Zn + Cu2+ Zn2+ + Cu Use of the electronegativity table, what does a higher electronegativity mean? Lower? Voltaic cell Lab NUCLEAR UNIT: Architecture of Atoms: who’s who in the discovery of the atom? Subatomic particles: Nucleus - protons, charge? mass? neutrons Electrons (trends?) Given 12.011C6 and the isotope 14C6 identify and define: Atomic Number Mass Number Atomic Mass Isotopes? How do you know if two atoms are the same or just isotopes? Isotopic Notation… review the YT’s Molar Mass and Isotopic Abundance Radioactive decay? alpha/beta/ gamma? Rutherford's Gold Foil Experiment Rutherford's experiment in magnetic fields 8 Types of Radiation EMR alpha energy effect of distance penetrating ability shielding effects *compare all of the above with each other beta Balancing Nuclear Equations Bombardment Transmutation? Half-life problems Define Fission vs. Fusion. What is critical mass? Conservation of Mass and Energy Nuclear Power Plants, pros and cons. What about the waste? gamma