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MUSC 220: 03 La Spata The Eighteenth Century – Review Sheet Listening: Know the composer and title of each piece. All recordings are either on your CD set or posted as YouTube clips on Blackboard. Composer Antonio Vivaldi Title La Primavera, Movement 1 Johann Sebastian Bach Brandenburg Concerto #5, Mvt. 1 “Little” Fugue in G minor “O Haupt voll Blut und Wunden” from St. Matthew Passion * http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EhjJAJdmKOE Christoph Willibald von Gluck “Che farò senza Euridice” from Orfeo ed Euridice* http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hFS9hnIAkes Joseph Haydn Surprise” Symphony, Mvt. 2 String Quartet in E-flat Major, Op. 33, No. 2; “The Joke”, Mvt. 4* http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qmoA5fy_kvQ George Frederic Handel “Empio, dirò, tu sei” from Giulio Cesare http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0pmeE7202T4 “Hallelujah” from Messiah Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart “Gran Partita” Serenade, Mvt. 4* http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Is9bVzKNCbk Piano Concerto #23 in A Major – Mvt. 1 “Là ci darem la mano” from Don Giovanni Terms and Concepts Concerto: virtuosic show pieces for a single soloist with orchestral accompaniment Ritornello: an orchestral refrain alternates with solo passages Fugue: A polyphonic composition based on one theme o The height of polyphonic music o Each voice enters alone – the subject – and is imitated by another voice – the answer o The music accompanying the subject is called the countersubject Well-Tempered Clavier: Johann Sebastian Bach important works Passion: a sacred work for chorus, vocal soloists and orchestra depicting the arrest, trial, death, and burial of Jesus Chorale: four-part homophonic hymns and the hymn tunes themselves Oratorio: From an Italian word meaning “small chapel”; a sacred work for chorus, vocal soloists and orchestra depicting a story from the Bible MUSC 220: 03 La Spata o Similar to opera: o Recitatives and arias o Plot, action, and specific characters o Not staged Reform” opera: Christoph Willibald von Gluck sought to reform it o Focused on human drama and passions by making words and music equally important Prince Esterházy Symphony: A form of movement that originated in the classical era o For full orchestra (strings and winds, sometimes with timpani) string quartet Leopold Mozart Nannerl Mozart Serenade: An example of the outdoor entertainment demanded by aristocrats o Mozart’s finest work for winds Minuet: A stately dance in triple meter Cadenza: a virtuosic solo passage Sonata-allegro form: mainly used in fast movements of concertos, symphonies and string quartets o Exposition: presentation of two contrasting themes o Development: working out of thematic material, usually in a different key one or both themes o Recapitulation: return of initial themes in tonic key o Coda: Italian for “tail”; extends the ending of the movement Highly developed by Beethoven gagaku : instrumental music for the imperial court Amadeus: Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart o Born in Salzburg, Austria o A prodigy on violin and piano from an early age o His father, Leopold, toured him and his sister Nannerl around Europe Antonio Salieri Lorenzo da Ponte: Da Ponte adheres to Enlightenment thought in his dim views of women o They are marginalized and slighted throughout the three libretti of his which Mozart made into operas. o Don Giovanni: Libretto by Lorenzo da Ponte Story of the legendary Spanish nobleman Don Juan who seduced women across Europe After attempting to rape Donna Anna, Don Giovanni is confronted by her father, the Commandant. The Don kills him in a duel and continues on his licentious ways. Donna Anna and her fiancé, Don Ottavio, swear revenge. During his many amorous adventures in the course of the opera, Don Giovanni is pursued by his enemies. MUSC 220: 03 La Spata He hides in a cemetery and sees a statue of the dead Commandant. The statue threatens the Don but is invited to dinner When the statue appears at the banquet hall, it orders the Don to repent. Don Giovanni defiantly refuses and is dragged down to hell for his sins. After learning of Don Giovanni’s well-deserved fate, the other characters jubilantly sing a moral to the audience: “This is how evildoers end up!” Leporello: Don Giovanni’s servant, is tired of serving and wants to live like the Don He and his boss encounter Donna Elvira, a woman whom the Don seduced but deserted. mockingly “consoles” her by showing her a long list of the Don’s sexual conquests. Don’t be upset; there are many more women just like you Zerlina Important Considerations Role of the composer in society/relationships with their patrons Development of keyboard instruments from harpsichord to fortepiano Development of the orchestra from Vivaldi to Mozart Vienna as musical capital of Europe Development of opera from Handel to Gluck to Mozart Structure of major forms: fugue, symphony, sonata (a.k.a. sonata-allegro), theme and variations Biographical information for all composers on the Listening List