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Principle Ways of Achieving Clarity and Conciseness 1. Cut or shorten empty words or phrases. FOR at all times at the present time at this point in time in the nature of for the purpose of in order to until such time as for the reason that due to the fact that because of the fact that by virtue of the fact that on account of the fact that in the event that by means of in the final analysis until such time as ; 2. SUBSTITUTE always now now like for to until because because because because because if by finally until Action or strong verbs should replace strings of short words. FOR SUBSTITUTE get used to familiarize get a hold of reach get married marry look into the matter research is of the opinion believes Cut unnecessary repetition. There are/is Look for sentences beginning with It is (Number) ways and change them. Okay: Better: There are more people seeking spirituality than ever before. More people are seeking spirituality than ever before. Okay: Better: It is beneficial for students to learn through examples. Students benefit by learning through examples. Okay: There are three ways of reducing one’s stress: eating well, exercising weekly, and meditating periodically. Three ways of reducing one’s stress are eating well, exercising weekly, and meditating periodically. Eating well, exercising weekly, and meditating periodically are ways of reducing stress. Better: Best: 1 Avoid redundancy in meaning (delete italicized words). biography of his life consensus of opinion final completion frank and honest exchange reason why genuinely authentic true-to-life realism the field of mathematics 3. Simplify word groups and phrases Wordy: Concise: 4. The nurses must have possession of interpersonal skills and combine them with medical skills. The nurses must posses interpersonal and medical skills. Try to avoid the following oblique asides or phrases: in a manner of speaking as far a (subject) is concerned for all intents and purposes 5. circle around cooperate together the future to come basic essentials repeat again smart and intelligent unadorned simplicity the science of physics all things considered more or less for the most part Use the active voice as often as possible. The passive voice indicates that the subject is passive and receives the action of another object. The passive voice verb consists of any form of the verb “to be” and the past participle. (The sentence often contains the word “by”). Passive: Active: Rental amounts are controlled by the city. The city controls rental amounts. Passive: Active: A fan was struck by a foul ball. A foul ball struck a fan. Passive: Active: Dozens of instructors were terrified of the outspoken student. The outspoken student terrified dozens of instructors. Passive voice is acceptable when the doer of the action is unknown or unimportant. Passive: Fifty blue shirts have been ordered. 2 Periphrasis – Tautology – Wordiness Periphrasis is a roundabout way of speaking or writing, also known as circumlocution, the use of unnecessarily wordy and indirect language or evasion in speech. Tautology is the use of redundant words or ideas and/or repetition of words or ideas. Avoid using too many or very long words where a few simple words will do. an unexpected surprise a person who is honest as a general rule brown in color each and every enclosed herewith end result free gift he is a person who important essentials in order to past history refer back to repeat again serious crisis small in size surrounded on all sides usual custom the field of (electronics) there are (many boys) who there is no doubt that very unique I personally (think, feel) more perfect first started amount of time crowd of people all of (the people) sang a song in my head I thought a Jewish rabbi a female person two twins exactly identical 3 a surprise an honest person generally as a rule brown each enclosed result gift he essentials to history refer repeat crisis small surrounded custom (electronics) (many boys) no doubt unique I (think, feel) perfect started time crowd the people sang I thought a rabbi a female twins identical