Download PSE - Spring Final Exam Study Guide - 2016

Name ________________________________________
Period ________
Date ____________________________
PSE - Spring Final Exam Study Guide - 2016
Earth’s Interior – Chapter 2.1
1. a. Draw and label the layers of the earth- include the crust, the upper mantle, the mantle, inner core, and
outer core.
b. What is the asthensophere?
c. Describe the consistency (state of matter) of each layer. What happens to the density and temperature
as you move down through the layers?
Dating Rocks – Chapter 8
1. What is the Law of Superposition?
2. What is the Principle of Cross-cutting relationships?
3. What is the Law of Uniformitarianism?
4. What is the difference between relative and absolute dating?
5. How is radioactive decay used to determine the absolute age of rocks?
Continental Drift, and Plate Tectonics – Chapter 10
1. Describe what happens at the following boundaries and what may result from each process:
a. Divergent boundary
b. Convergent boundary
c. Transform boundary
2. Describe what happens at the three different types of convergent boundaries and give at least two
examples of what geologic features may result from each.
4. Describe the process of sea floor spreading. Where does it occur?
5. a. Name at least four pieces of evidence for the hypothesis of Continental Drift.
b. Who discovered the idea of Continental Drift?
c. How did the study of paleomagnetism affect that hypothesis?
6. What does the Theory of Plate Tectonics state?
7. How did the Himalaya Mountains form? What type of boundary is found there?
8. Define rifting, terrane, supercontinent cycle, Pangaea, Panthalassa.
9. What drives plate movement?
10. Describe what occurs at a subduction zone.
11. What two kinds of plates are there in the crust?
12. How old is the ocean floor versus continental crust?
13. Does the more or less dense plate subduct in a subduction zone?
Faults and Earthquakes – Chapter 12
1. Draw a diagram of each of the 3 types of faults. Label the hanging wall and footwall on the normal
and reverse faults. Show the direction of movement with arrows. Indicate also, the type of stress
that formed each fault, compressive, tensional, or shear.
a. Normal
b. Reverse
c. Strike-Slip (Transfrom)
2. Complete the following chart for seismic waves: (P & S waves, Rayleigh & Love waves)
Name of
Compressional Relative
Body or
What can they
Type of ground
wave
or Transverse?
Speed
Surface?
travel through?
motion
P
S
Rayleigh
Love
3. Briefly describe how the epicenter of an earthquake is located. What is this method called?
4. What type of fault is the San Andreas?
5. Describe the process of subduction. At what type of plate boundary would your find subduction?
6. What is the name of the instrument / lab equipment used to detect earthquakes?
7. What is the difference between the Richter scale and the Mercalli Scale? What do each of them
measure?
8. Describe how the focus and epicenter of an earthquake differ.
9. What is this trace of earthquake motion called?
10. What are vibrations in Earth that are caused by the sudden
movement of rock called?
11. How do seismic waves help scientists understand Earth’s Interior?
12. How does the hanging wall move in comparison to the foot wall in normal & reverse faults?
13. What are the three types of stress? What faults are they associated with? What plate boundaries are
they associated with?
Volcanoes – Chapter 13
______ 1. vent
______ 2. subduction zone
______ 3. trench
______ 4. island arc
______ 5. fissure
______ 6. mantle plume
______ 7. magma
______ 8. pluton
______ 9. viscosity
______ 10. crater
a. the funnel-shaped pit at the top of a volcanic vent
b. liquid rock produced under Earth’s surface
c. the resistance to flow of magma
d. cracks through which lava flows to Earth’s surface
e. a column of hot, solid material from the deep mantle
f. a large formation of igneous rock
g. formed on the overriding plate when two plates with oceanic
lithosphere at their boundaries collide
h. opening in a volcano from which lava flows
i. formed on the ocean floor where one plate subducts under another
j. volcanoes are formed along this area where one tectonic plate moves under another
11. What is volcanism?
12. What are hot spots? How are they different from mantle plumes? See Figure 5 drawing on p. 323.
13. What is the Pacific Ring of Fire?
14. What is a caldera?
15. What are pillow lavas?
16. What are the 3 types of volcanoes?
17. What are their characteristics?
18. Be able to compare the type of explosion for each volcano.
19. Name several examples of each type of volcano (i.e. Mt. Vesuvius is a composite volcano).
20. What is the difference between felsic and mafic lava and the types of explosions that happen with
each?
Oceans: Ch. 19-21
1. What is the highest and lowest point on a wave?
2.
What happens to a water particle in a wave during a single wave period?
3.
What is the difference between a bathyscaph, bathysphere, and an ROV? Give an example for each.
4.
What was the name of the submersible that descended to the deepest part of the ocean? What is the name of the deepest
part of the ocean? How deep is it?
5.
What is sonar used for?
6.
Know the terms:
bathymetry
Coriolis Effect
7.
sound
Light
salinity
upwelling
Explain how sonar is used to map the ocean floor.
For # 8-14, write the letter by the name of the ocean feature. Beside each name, write a brief description of the feature.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
_____Continental shelf
_____Trench
_____Mid-ocean ridge
_____Abyssal plain
_____Seamounts
_____Volcanic island
_____Continental slope
15. How does temperature affect the amount of dissolved gas in ocean water?
16. Why are the oceans referred to as “carbon sinks”?
17. What 2 factors does the temperature of ocean water depend on?
18. What 2 factors does the density of ocean water depend on?
19. What is upwelling and why is it important to life in the ocean?
20. What is at the bottom of the marine food chain?
21. List the 5 major ocean basins and a unique characteristic of each.
22. How much of the Earth’s water is salty?
For # 23-32, write the letter from the map next to the name of the appropriate surface current.
23.
24.
25.
26.
_____West Wind Drift
_____East Australian
_____Brazil
_____Peru
27.
28.
29.
30.
_____North Pacific
_____Kuroshio
_____Canary
_____Gulf Stream
31. _____South Equatorial
32. _____California
Atmosphere: Ch. 22-23
1. What are 2 ways nitrogen is “fixed” or altered before organisms can use it?
2.
How is nitrogen returned to the atmosphere?
3.
How is carbon returned to the atmosphere? How is it removed from the atmosphere?
4.
What are the 3 primary elements and 2 primary compounds in the atmosphere?
5.
Name 3 greenhouse gases. What are the two major greenhouse gases in Earth’s atmosphere?
6.
What is a temperature inversion?
7.
In the formation of Earth, what gases were lost due to Earth’s gravity being too weak to hold them here?
8.
Explain the difference between the following 3 methods of heat transfer:
Conduction
Convection
Radiation
9.
Complete the following chart about the layers of the atmosphere:
Layer of the atmosphere
Avg. height above
Earth’s surface
Troposphere
- Tropopause
Stratosphere
- Ozone layer
Mesosphere
Thermosphere
- Ionosphere
Identifying characteristics
- Exosphere
10. What causes the Coriolis effect?
11. On the diagram below, label the names of all the major wind belts, the ITCZ, and areas of high and low pressure. Also,
draw and label the Hadley, Ferrel, and Polar Hadley cells.
Weather & Climate: Ch. 24-25
1. List the 4 air masses and describe their moisture and temperature characteristics.
Air Mass & Symbol
2.
Source Location
Type of Weather
The front edge of an advancing warm air mass that replaces colder air with warmer air is a(n) ___________________.
3. Complete the following chart regarding types of weather fronts.
Type of Front
Clouds
Precipitation
Weather Change
Cold
Warm
Stationary
Occluded
4.
What are the main causes of climate change?
5.
What are the potential impacts of climate change?
Studying Space: Ch. 26
1. Define the following:
a. astronomical unit
b. light year
2.
List the types of radiation from longest to shortest wavelength.
3.
List the colors of visible light from longest to shortest wavelength.
4.
What is the difference between revolution and rotation of a planet?
5.
How old is the universe?
The Solar System: Ch. 27
6.
What theory describes the formation of the solar system? Briefly explain the steps in this theory.
7.
Explain the difference between ‘geocentric’ and ‘heliocentric’.
8.
How old is our solar system?
Weather Map
Symbol
9.
What are the ‘terrestrial’ planets?
10.
What are the ‘gas giant’ planets?
11.
Where is 99% of the total mass of the solar system found?
12.
How are the inner and outer planets different?
13.
From which process did Earth form?
14.
Name the things that are part of our Solar System.
15.
Where do most comets observed from Earth come from?
16.
Where is the Oort cloud found?
Minor Bodies: Ch. 28
17. Briefly describe the Giant Impact Hypothesis.
18.
Explain the difference between asteroids, comets, meteoroids, meteors, and meteorites.
19.
What are comets made of?
The Sun & Stars: Ch. 29-30
1. Describe the process of nuclear fusion.
2.
What is a light-year? What is parallax?
3.
Identify the following characteristics of our Sun:
a. Composition
b. Age
c. Type (letter designation)
d. Color
4.
How did the Sun form?
5.
What color are the hottest stars? The coolest? The Sun?
6.
What is the difference between apparent and absolute magnitude?
7.
Give a brief description of each of the stages listed below in the life cycle of a star:
a. nebula
f. white dwarf
b. protostar
g. black dwarf
c. main sequence star
h. supernova
d. red giant
i. neutron star
e. planetary nebula
j. black hole
8.
What graph is used to illustrate the pattern of stars’ surfaces temperatures versus their luminosities?
9.
What are the 3 shapes of galaxies?
10. What is the name of our galaxy? Which type of galaxy is it?
11. What theory explains the formation of the universe? How long ago did this happen?
12. What does the “red shift” prove about our universe?