Download Passanida Yukate, ID: 09301016060 Hypertension Hypertension or

Passanida Yukate, ID: 09301016060
Hypertension
Hypertension or high blood pressure (HBP) means high pressure/tension in the arteries. There
are two types of hypertension:
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Essential (primary) hypertension – the common of the two and accounts for 95% of
hypertension. There are multi-factors whose combined effects produce hypertension.
Secondary hypertension – accounts for the last 5%; caused by a specific abnormality
in one of the organs or systems of the body.
There is no exact cause affecting primary hypertension but a variety of combination such as
environmental, genetic and other factors can contribute.
Environmental factors:
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Salt and potassium intake – a daily salt intake exceeding 5.8 grams, and/or low
potassium in the diet can lead to accumulation of too much sodium. This is due to
sodium and potassium is fluid balance regulators in cells. Therefore, they can increase
the chance of developing high blood pressure.
Heavy alcohol consumption can increase blood pressure.
Excess calorie (Obesity) – People with obesity problem are at a greater risk of high
blood pressure.
Physical activity – the lack of exercise and inactive lifestyle can increase the risk of
becoming overweight.
Stress – mental and emotional stress can cause an increase in blood pressure
temporarily. Chronic stress can lead to engaging in unhealthy behaviours such as
over-eating, smoking, alcohol consumption and lack of exercise, that contribute to
HBP.
Genes affected:
A number of genetic factors play a major role in primary hypertension.
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Currently there is a research in the area focusing on the genetic factors that affect
rennin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. This system helps to regulate blood pressure
by controlling blood vessel contraction, sodium and water balance and cell
development in the heart.
Angiotensinogen (AGT) gene, angiotensin II type 1 receptor (ATIR) & Angiotensin
Converting Enzyme (ACE) – several polymorphisms of genes encoding for
components of the renin-angiotensin system have been associated with the
development of pulmonary hypertension.
The study of Arginine Vasopressin (AVP) for the development of hypertension after
constriction of the abdominal aorta proximal to the renal arteries (PAC). The presence
of AVP permits the expression of other hypertension factors such as angiotensin II.
Passanida Yukate, ID: 09301016060
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Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) / Atrial Natriuretic Factor (ANF), is a vasodilator
and a protein hormone secreted by heart muscle cells. It is involved in the homeostatic
control of body water, sodium, potassium and fat. It is released by muscle cells in
atria of the heart in response to high blood pressure. ANP acts to reduce the water,
sodium and adipose loads on the circulatory system, hence decreasing blood pressure.