Download Kinds of Adverbs

The Ministry of Higher and Secondary Special
Education of the Republic of Uzbekistan
The Uzbek State University of World Languages
Self-study
English Adverbs With –ly
Written by: Abdugaffarova. Z
group 306
Adviser: Muhammadiyeva M
Tashkent 2013
PLAN
I. The Adverb
II. Using Adverbs in a Numbered List
III. Adverbs We Can Do Without
IV. Kinds of Adverbs
V. Positions of Adverbs
VI. Order of Adverbs
VII. Table of adverbs with -ly
VIII. Bibliography
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The Adverb
The adverb is a word denoting circumstances or characteristics which
attend or modify an action, state, or quality. It may also intensify a quality or
characteristics.
From this definition it is difficult to define adverbs as a class, because they
comprise a most heterogeneous group of words, and there is considerable overlap
between the class and other word classes. They have many kinds of form, meaning
and function. Alongside such undoubtful adverbs as here, now, often, seldom,
always, there are many others which also function as other word classes. Thus,
adverbs like dead (dead tired), clear (to get clear away), clean (I’ve clean
forgotten), slow, easy (he would say that slow and easy) coincide with adjectives
(a dead body, clear waters, clean hands). Adverbs like past, above are
homonymous with prepositions. There is also a special group of pronominal
adverbs when, where, how, why used either as interrogative words or as
connectives to introduce subordinate clauses.
The adverb is a part of speech characterized by the following features:
1. The lexico-grammatical meaning of “qualitative, quantitative or circumstantial
characteristics of actions, states or qualities”.
2. The category of the degrees of comparison.
3. Typical stem-building affixes, as in quick-ly, sideways, clock-wise, back-wards,
a-shore, etc.
4. Its unilateral combinability with verbs, adjectives, adverbs, less regularly with
adlinks and nouns.
5. The function of adverbial complement, sometimes other functions.
The category of the degrees of comparison of adverbs is similar to that of
adjectives. It is a system of three-member opposemes (soon — sooner — soonest;
actively — more actively — most actively) showing whether the characteristic the
adverb contains is absolute or relative. In Russian these three-member opposemes
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have the same forms: поздно, позднее, самый поздний. When compare with
Russian second form, i.e. comparative degree has suffix –ee and in superlative
degree the word самый is put before an adverb. The ‘comparative’ and
‘superlative’ members of the opposeme are built up either synthetically (by means
of affixation or suppletivity), or analytically (by means of word-morphemes). The
synthetic and analytical forms are in complementary distribution like those of the
adjective, only the number of synthetic forms is smaller inasmuch as there are
fewer monosyllabic and disyllabic adverbs. For example: lazy — lazier — (the)
laziest, lazily — more lazily — most lazily.
With regard to the category of the degrees of comparison adverbs (like
adjectives) fall into comparables and non-comparables. The number of noncomparables is much greater among adverbs than among adjectives. In other
words, there are many adverbs whose lexemes contain but one word (yesterday,
always, northward, upstairs, etc.). In Russian we can meet the same thing: вчера,
здесь, всегда.
As the definition of the lexico-grammatical meaning shows, adverbs may be
divided into three lexico-grammatical subclasses: qualitative, quantitative and
circumstantial.
Qualitative adverbs like loudly, quickly, brightly, etc. usually modify verbs,
less often adlinks. They show the quality of an action or state much in the same
way as a qualitative adjective shows the quality of some substance. For instance,
speaks loudly and loud speech, walks quickly and a quick walk. But in Russian
adverb is used: говорить громко, громкий голос, быстро ехать.
The connection between qualitative adverbs and adjectives is obvious. In
most cases the adverb is derived from the adjective with the help of the most
productive adverb-forming suffix -ly. Like the corresponding adjectives qualitative
adverbs usually have opposites of the comparative and superlative degrees.
On the strength of this likeness A. I. Smirnitsky advances the view that
quick and quickly might be treated as belonging to the same part of speech, but
4
having different combinability1. In other words, quick — quickly might be regarded
as an adjectival grammatical opposeme, and -ly as a grammatical morpheme of
“adverbiality”. We must take issue with Prof. Smirnitsky over this theory.
1. The most typical feature of a grammatical morpheme distinguishing it
from a lexico-grammatical one is its relativity.2 As stated in page 10, the
morpheme -s in books denotes ‘plurality’ because books is opposed to book with
the zero morpheme of ‘singularity’. In the opposeme quick — quickly it is also
possible to assert that -ly denotes ‘adverbiality’ because quickly is opposed to quick
with the zero morpheme of ‘adjectivity’. But in purpose — purposely, part —
partly, night — nightly -ly denotes ‘adverbiality’, though it is not opposed to the
zero morpheme of ‘adjectivity’, but rather to that of ‘substance’. In first — firstly,
second — secondly, third — thirdly, etc. -ly denotes ‘adverbiality’ though it is
opposed to ‘numerality’. In mocking — mockingly, admiring— admiringly,
confused — confusedly, broken — brokenly, etc. the ‘adverbiality’ of -ly is
opposed to ‘participiality’, etc. In short, the ‘adverbial’ meaning in -ly is not
relative, and -ly is not a grammatical morpheme.
2. The suffix -ly is a lexico-grammatical morpheme which accounts for its
being common to all the words of an adverb lexeme (see A.I. Smirnitsky, op. cit. p.
14), e. g. violently — more violently — most-violently.
3. Though -ly is very productive, there are other lexico-grammatical
morphemes forming the stems of qualitative adverbs from adjective stems, or else
adverbs and adjectives are related by conversion. For example, loud (a.) — loudly,
loud (adv.), aloud; long (a.) — long (adv.), longways, longwise.
4. There are many adjectives in -ly related by conversion with corresponding
adverbs early, daily, deadly, etc.
There are other adjectives in -ly which have no corresponding adverbs, e. g.
lovely, lonely, lively, etc.
5. The comparison of such words as
high a. — high adv., highly,
А.И. Смирницкий, О.С. Ахманова. Образования типа stone wall, speech sound в английском языке. Инст.
Язык-я, доклады. М., т. 2. стр. 97
2
op cit. p. 10-14
1
5
late a. — late adv., lately,
hard a. — hard adv., hardly,
near a. — near adv., nearly
It shows that the suffix -ly introduces changes in the lexical meanings of
words, so that words with and without -ly cannot belong to the same opposeme or
lexeme.
The words probably, possibly, luckily, etc., derived from adjective stems, are
no longer adverbs but modal words, so that the adjectives probable, possible, lucky
have no corresponding adverbs, but they have corresponding modal words with the
suffix -ly.
All these and similar facts show that -ly is not an inflexion but a highly
productive stem-building suffix. Therefore quick and quickly are not members of a
grammatical opposeme. They have different stems and belong to different lexemes.
These lexemes with different stems, different combinability and different
syntactical functions, naturally, belong to different parts of speech.
Russian in this case has ending –(н)о (most Russian adverbs end in this
suffix: скоро, поздно, быстро, современно, дурно и т.д.).
Thus, qualitative adverbs, with or without -ly, are a subclass of adverbs with
peculiar lexico-grammatical features. As they characterize the quality of an action
or state, they are inwardly bound with a verb or an adlink and are usually placed as
close as possible to the verb or adlink they modify.
And then nature mercifully intervened.
Tony and the daughter of the Polish governor catch one glimpse of each
other and are m a d l y aflame.
Quantitative adverbs like very, rather, too, nearly, greatly, fully, hardly,
quite, utterly, twofold, etc. show the degree, measure, quantity of an action, quality,
state, etc.
The combinability of this subclass is more extensive than that of the
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qualitative adverbs. Besides verbs and adlinks quantitative adverbs modify
adjectives, adverbs, numerals, modals, even nouns.
You’ve quite vamped the foreman.
Rather disconsolate she wandered out into the cathedral.
She knew it only too well.
He had become fully aware of her.
It was nearly ten.
He is wholly master of the situation.
Very probably he won’t budge.
The combinability of some adverbs of this subclass can be rather narrow.
The adverb very (frightfully, awfully, etc.), for instance, mostly precedes those
adjectives and adverbs which have opposites of comparison. It does not, as a rule,
modify verbs, adlinks or numerals.
The combinability of nearly or almost, on the other hand, is so extensive,
that these words are close to particles.
Quantitative adverbs are correlative with quantitative pronouns, such as
much, (a) little, enough.
Circumstantial adverbs serve to denote various circumstances (mostly local
and temporal) attending an action. Accordingly they fall under two heads:
a) adverbs of time and frequency (yesterday, to-morrow, before, often,
again, twice, etc.),
b) adverbs of place and direction (upstairs, inside, behind, homewards).
Circumstantial adverbs are not inwardly connected with the verbs they are
said to modify. They do not characterize the action itself but name certain
circumstances attending the action described in the sentence and usually referring
to the situation as a whole. Therefore a circumstantial adverb can be used in a
sentence in which the only verb is a link-verb, i. e. where no action is described.
E. g.
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He will be ten to-morrow.
This accounts for the fact that, unlike qualitative and quantitative adverbs,
circumstantial adverbs are not necessarily placed near the verb, they may occupy
different places in the sentence. E. g.
It wasn’t any too warm yesterday.
Yesterday they had a snow-squall out west.
When H. Sweet3 speaks of adverbs, as showing “almost the last remains of
normal free order in Modern English”, it concerns, mostly, circumstantial adverbs.
Similarly G. Curme’s4 words that “An adverb can freely stand in almost any
position” mainly apply to circumstantial adverbs.
Barring some adverbs with the -ward(s) suffix (backwards, inwards), the ice suffix (twice, thrice), circumstantial adverbs have no typical stem-building
elements (compare with the -ly suffix incident to qualitative adverbs). They are
often morphologically indivisible (north, home, down, etc.), even more often are
they related by conversion with prepositions (in, out, behind), conjunctions (since,
before), nouns (north, home), adjectives (late, far) or they are homonymous with
lexical word-morphemes.
Only a small group of circumstantial adverbs denoting indefinite time and
place (soon, late, often, near, far) have opposites of comparison. Most adverbs of
this subclass form no opposemes of any grammatical category.
Circumstantial adverbs are mostly used in the function of adverbial
modifiers of time and place.
See you tonight.
Going clear down-town?
But sometimes they can be used in other functions, e. g. as attributes. E. g.
See the notes above.
3
4
H. Sweet. A new English grammar. Logical and historical. Oxford. parag. 58
G. Gurme. Syntax. N.Y. 1931. p. 542
8
The room upstairs is vacant.
The words of an adverb lexeme like soon — sooner— soonest represent
three grammemes with one actual grammatical meaning each. Lexemes like
forward, yesterday, ahead contain but one word each with the oblique grammatical
meaning of the ‘positive degree’. There are no adverbs in English with the oblique
meaning of the ‘comparative’ and the ‘superlative’ degrees. Thus we may speak of
but four grammemes in the class of adverbs.
When comparing English and Russian adverbs as parts of speech, one may
say that
they differ
but
slightly.
Their lexico-grammatical
meanings,
morphological categories, combinability and syntactical functions are fundamentally the same.
Nevertheless, certain distinctions are worth noting.
1. The stem-building (lexico-grammatical) morphemes of Russian adverbs
are somewhat more numerous and varied.
2. Among the adverb building morphemes we find several suffixes of
subjective appraisal (-онько\енько, -онечко\-енечко, -охонько\-exoнько, овато), which are absolutely alien to English.
3. The adverbialization of substantival or adjectival grammemes, (e. g.
шагом,стрелой, весной) is the most productive way of forming adverbs in
Russian5, whereas in English it is less common.
4. As to the degrees of comparison one might say that the synthetic form of
the superlative grammeme (подробнейше, нижайше, малейше) is no longer used
colloquially and is employed for some stylistic purpose. The corresponding
English grammeme (oftenest, soonest) occurs in different speech styles.
5
see any Russian Grammar book.
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Using Adverbs in a Numbered List
Within the normal flow of text, it's nearly always a bad idea to number items
beyond three or four, at the most. Anything beyond that, you're better off with a
vertical list that uses numbers (1, 2, 3, etc.). Also, in such a list, don't use adverbs
(with an -ly ending); use instead the uninflected ordinal number (first, second,
third, fourth, fifth, etc.). First (not firstly), it's unclear what the adverb is
modifying. Second (not secondly), it's unnecessary. Third (not thirdly), after you
get beyond "secondly," it starts to sound silly. Adverbs that number in this manner
are treated as disjuncts (see below.)
Adverbs We Can Do Without
Review the section on Being Concise for some advice on adverbs that we can
eliminate to the benefit of our prose: intensifiers such as very, extremely, and really
that don't intensify anything and expletive constructions ("There are several books
that address this issue.")
Kinds of Adverbs
Adverbs of Manner
She moved slowly and spoke quietly.
Adverbs of Place
She has lived on the island all her life.
She still lives there now.
Adverbs of Frequency
She takes the boat to the mainland every day.
She often goes by herself.
Adverbs of Time
She tries to get back before dark.
10
It's starting to get dark now.
She finished her tea first.
She left early.
Adverbs of Purpose
She drives her boat slowly to avoid hitting the rocks.
She shops in several stores to get the best buys.
Positions of Adverbs
One of the hallmarks of adverbs is their ability to move around in a sentence.
Adverbs of manner are particularly flexible in this regard.

Solemnly the minister addressed her congregation.

The minister solemnly addressed her congregation.

The minister addressed her congregation solemnly.
The following adverbs of frequency appear in various points in these sentences:

Before the main verb: I never get up before nine o'clock.

Between the auxiliary verb and the main verb: I have rarely written to my
brother without a good reason.

Before the verb used to: I always used to see him at his summer home.
Indefinite adverbs of time can appear either before the verb or between the
auxiliary and the main verb:

He finally showed up for batting practice.

She has recently retired.
Order of Adverbs
There is a basic order in which adverbs will appear when there is more than one. It
is similar to The Royal Order of Adjectives, but it is even more flexible.
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THE ORDER OF ADVERBS
Manner
Verb
Beth
swims
enthusiastically
Dad
walks
impatiently
Place
in the
pool
every morning
Time
Purpose
before
to keep in
dawn
shape.
into
every
before
to get a
town
afternoon
supper
newspaper.
in her
Tashonda
naps
Frequency
room
every morning
before
lunch.
In actual practice, of course, it would be highly unusual to have a string of
adverbial modifiers beyond two or three (at the most). Because the
placement of adverbs is so flexible, one or two of the modifiers would
probably move to the beginning of the sentence: "Every afternoon before
supper, Dad impatiently walks into town to get a newspaper." When that
happens, the introductory adverbial modifiers are usually set off with a
comma.
More on Adverb Order
As a general principle, shorter adverbial phrases precede longer adverbial phrases,
regardless of content. In the following sentence, an adverb of time precedes an
adverb of frequency because it is shorter (and simpler):

Dad takes a brisk walk before breakfast every day of his life.
A second principle: among similar adverbial phrases of kind (manner, place,
frequency, etc.), the more specific adverbial phrase comes first:

My grandmother was born in a sod house on the plains of northern
Nebraska.

She promised to meet him for lunch next Tuesday.
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Bringing an adverbial modifier to the beginning of the sentence can place
special emphasis on that modifier. This is particularly useful with adverbs of
manner:

Slowly, ever so carefully, Jesse filled the coffee cup up to the brim, even
above the brim.

Occasionally, but only occasionally, one of these lemons will get by the
inspectors.
Inappropriate Adverb Order
Review the section on Misplaced Modifiers for some additional ideas on
placement. Modifiers can sometimes attach themselves to and thus modify words
that they ought not to modify.

They reported that Giuseppe Balle, a European rock star, had died on the six
o'clock news.
Clearly, it would be better to move the underlined modifier to a position
immediately after "they reported" or even to the beginning of the sentence —
so the poor man doesn't die on television.
Misplacement can also occur with very simple modifiers, such as only and barely:

She only grew to be four feet tall.
It would be better if "She grew to be only four feet tall."
Some Special Cases
The adverbs enough and not enough usually take a postmodifier position:

Is that music loud enough?

These shoes are not big enough.

In a roomful of elderly people, you must remember to speak loudly enough.
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(Notice, though, that when enough functions as an adjective, it can come
before the noun:

Did she give us enough time?
The adverb enough is often followed by an infinitive:

She didn't run fast enough to win.
The adverb too comes before adjectives and other adverbs:

She ran too fast.

She works too quickly.
If too comes after the adverb it is probably a disjunct (meaning also) and is
usually set off with a comma:

Yasmin works hard. She works quickly, too.
The adverb too is often followed by an infinitive:

She runs too slowly to enter this race.
Another common construction with the adverb too is too followed by a
prepositional phrase — for + the object of the preposition — followed by an
infinitive:

This milk is too hot for a baby to drink.
Relative Adverbs
Adjectival clauses are sometimes introduced by what are called the relative
adverbs: where, when, and why. Although the entire clause is adjectival and will
modify a noun, the relative word itself fulfills an adverbial function (modifying a
verb within its own clause).
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The relative adverb where will begin a clause that modifies a noun of place:
My entire family now worships in the church where my great grandfather used to
be minister.
The relative pronoun "where" modifies the verb "used to be" (which makes it
adverbial), but the entire clause ("where my great grandfather used to be
minister") modifies the word "church."
A when clause will modify nouns of time:
My favorite month is always February, when we celebrate Valentine's Day and
Presidents' Day.
And a why clause will modify the noun reason:
Do you know the reason why Isabel isn't in class today?
We sometimes leave out the relative adverb in such clauses, and many writers
prefer "that" to "why" in a clause referring to "reason":

Do you know the reason why Isabel isn't in class today?

I always look forward to the day when we begin our summer vacation.

I know the reason that men like motorcycles.
Authority for this section: Understanding English Grammar by Martha Kolln.
4rth Edition. MacMillan Publishing Company: New York. 1994.
Viewpoint, Focus, and Negative Adverbs
A viewpoint adverb generally comes after a noun and is related to an adjective that
precedes that noun:

A successful athletic team is often a good team scholastically.
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
Investing all our money in snowmobiles was probably not a sound idea
financially.
You will sometimes hear a phrase like "scholastically speaking" or
"financially speaking" in these circumstances, but the word "speaking" is
seldom necessary.
A focus adverb indicates that what is being communicated is limited to the part
that is focused; a focus adverb will tend either to limit the sense of the sentence
("He got an A just for attending the class.") or to act as an additive ("He got an A
in addition to being published."
Although negative constructions like the words "not" and "never" are usually
found embedded within a verb string — "He has never been much help to his
mother." — they are technically not part of the verb; they are, indeed, adverbs.
However, a so-called negative adverb creates a negative meaning in a sentence
without the use of the usual no/not/neither/nor/never constructions:

He seldom visits.

She hardly eats anything since the accident.

After her long and tedious lectures, rarely was anyone awake.
Table of adverbs with -ly
А
Abortivly
Absently
Absolutely
Abstractedly
Absurdly
Accidentally
Неудачно, бесплодно
Рассеяно
Совершенно, безусловно
Рассеяно, абстрактно, отвлечено
Нелепо, абсурдно, глупо
Непредумышленно, случайно
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Accordingly
Accurately
Acidly
Admittedly
Advisedly
Agreeably
Airily
Allowedly
Alphabetically
Amenably
Amply
Angrily
Annually
Anteriorly
Anxiously
Appallingly
Apparently
Appositely
Approvingly
Approximately
Ardently
Assuredly
Attachedly
Audebly
Aurally
Authentically
Awfully
Соответственно, поэтому, таким образом, следовательно
Точно
Едко, с раздражением, холодно
Предположительно, согласно
Обдуманно, намеренно
Приятно; соответственно
Воздушно, легко, грациозно, легкомысленно, беззаботно
Дозволенным образом; по общему признанию
В алфавитном порядке
Согласно, в соответствии
Обильно, полно, достаточно; пространно
Гневно, сердито
Ежегодно
Раньше
С тревогой, в волнением; очень сильно
Ужасающе, потрясающе
Явно, очевидно; по-видимому, видимо
Вероятно
Одобрительно
Приблизительно, приближенно, почти
Горячо, пылко
Конечно, несомненно
Преданно
Громко, внятно; вслух, ясно
Устно, на слух
Подлинно, достоверно
Ужасно, очень, крайне, чрезвычайно
B
Baldly
Bally
Badly
Barely
Basely
Basically
Beastly
Beggarly
Blackguardly
Blandly
Blankly
Blindly
Bodily
Boldly
Briefly
Broadly
Brotherly
Busily
Открыть; скудно, убого
Ужасно, страшно
Плохо, дурно
Прямо, открыто; только, просто
Низко, бесчестно
В своей основе; по существу, в основном
Отвратительно, ужасно
Нищенски, умоляюще
Мерзко
Вежливо, ласково
Безучастно, тупо, невыразительно
Слепо, безрассудно
Лично; целиком
Смело, нагло
Кратко, сжато
Широко
По-братски
Назойливо, навязчиво
C
Calmly
Capitally
Carefully
Certainly
Спокойно, хладнокровно
Превосходно, великолепно; чрезвычайно, основательно
Бережно, внимательно, заботливо
Конечно, непременно, несомненно
17
Characteristically
Chiefly
Childly
Chilly
Circunmstautially
Civilly
Cleanly
Clearly
Closely
Coldly
Completely
Conceivably
Concentrically
Confessedly
Confidentially
Confusedly
Constantly
Constrainedly
Contemptuously
Contritely
Conversily
Cordially
Correctly
Cosily
Cowardly
Craftily
Criminally
Crossly
Cruelly
Crustily
Curiously
Cursedly
Типично, характерно
Главным образом, особенно
По-детски
Холодно, зябко; сухо чопорно
Подробно, обстоятельно
Вежливо, учтиво, любезно
Чисто, целомудренно
Ясно, очевидно, несомненно
Близко, тесно; внимательно
Холодно, неприветливо
Совершенно, полностью, вполне всецело
Предположительно
Концентрически
По личному и общему признанию
По секрету, конфиденциально
Смущенно; беспорядочно
Постоянно
Поневоле, стесненно, напряженно
Презрительно
Покаянно, с раскаянием, сокрушенно
Обратно, наоборот
Сердечно, по душам, радушно
Правильно, верно; корректно, вежливо
Уютно
Трусливо
Хитро
Преступно; согласно уголовному праву
Раздраженно, сварливо; сердито
Жестоко, безжалостно; мучительно
Сварливо, с раздражением
Странно, необычайно
Мерзко, отвратительно
D
Daily
Damnably
Darkly
Dazedly
Deadly
Dearly
Deathly
Decently
Decidedly
Deimally
Deeply
Densely
Depreciatingly
Deservedly
Designedly
Despairingly
Devotedly
Devouringly
Diametrically
Ежедневно
Отвратительно; ужасно, очень
Мрачно, злобно; темно; загадочно
Изумленно
Смертельно, ужасно, чрезвычайно
Нежно
Смертельно
Порядочно, прилично, хорошо; скромно, любезно, мило
Решительно; несомненно, ясно, бесспорно
По десятичной системе
Глубоко
Густо, плотно
Пренебрежительно, неуважительно
Заслужено, по заслугам
Умышленно, с намерением
В отчаянии, безнадежно
Преданно
Жадно
Диаметрально
18
Differently
Directly
Dirtily
Disapprovingly
Discomposedly
Disconnectedly
Discontentedly
Disobligingly
Disorderly
Doughtily
Dreamily
Droningly
Drowsily
Drudgingly
Duly
Различно, по разному, по-иному, иначе
Прямо; непосредственно; немедленно
Грязно; низко; бесчестно
Неодобрительно
Беспокойно, тревожно; взволнованно
Бессвязно, отрывисто
Недовольно; неудовлетворительно
Не считаясь в другими; нелюбезно
Беспорядочно
Доблестно, отважно
Мечтательно, как во сне
Монотонно, заунывно
Сонно, вяло
Усердно, старательно; с трудом
Должным образом, правильно
E
Early
Earnestly
Easily
Easterly
Economically
Educationally
Embarrassingly
Emphatically
Enormously
Exclusively
Experimentally
Expressly
Extensively
Extraordinarily
Extremely
Рано, заблаговременно, преждевременно
Настоятельно, убедительно
Легко, свободно
На восток, к востоку, с востока
Экономно, бережливо, практично
Педагогически; с точки зрения воспитания
Ошеломляюще
Настойчиво; многозначительно
Чрезвычайно
Исключительно, единственно, только
Опытным путем, в порядке опыта
Нарочито, специально; точно, ясно
Широко, пространно, во все стороны
Совершенно необычно, необычайным образом
Чрезвычайно, крайне
F
Faintly
Fairly
Faithfully
Falsely
Familiarly
Fatherly
Feelingly
Feigningly
Fifthly
Finally
Firstly
Fishily
Fixedly
Flatly
Fluently
Fondly
Forcedly
Foully
Freshly
Бледно, слабо
Справедливо; сносно; явно
Верно, честно
Притворно, фальшиво; ошибочно, плохо
Бесцеремонно
Отечески
С чувством, с жаром
Притворно
В пятых
В заключении, окончательно
Во-первых
Подозрительно, сомнительно
Пристально, в упор; твердо, крепко, прочно
Плоско, ровно; скучно, уныло; решительно
Плавно, гладко; бегло
Нежно; наивно, доверчиво
Вынуждено, принуждено
Грязно, отвратительно; предательски, жестоко
Свежо, бодро
19
Friendly
Frostily
Fully
Furtively
Дружественно, дружелюбно
Холодно, неприветливо, сдержанно
Вполне, совершенно, полностью
Украдкой крадучись
G
Gally
Generally
Genially
Gently
Genuinely
Geometrically
Ghastly
Giddily
Gingerly
Glaringly
Glibly
Gloatingly
Gloomily
Graciously
Gradually
Graphically
Gratefully
Greatly
Greedily
Gropingly
Grossly
Guardedly
Guiltily
Весело, радостно; ярко
Обычно, как правило, в целом, вообще
Сердечно, добродушно
Мягко, нежно, кротко, тихо, осторожно
Искреннее, неподдельно
Геометрически
Страшно, ужасно
Головокружительно; легкомысленно
Осторожно, осмотрительно
Ярко, ослепительно; вызывающе грубо
Многоречиво, многословно
Злорадно
Мрачно, уныло
Милостиво, любезно; снисходительно
Постепенно, последовательно, по-немногу
Графически; наглядно, живо, красочно
С благодарность; приятно
Значительно, весьма; возвышенно
Жадно, прожорливо
Ощупью
Грубо, вульгарно
Сдержанно, осторожно
Виновато
H
Half-yearly
Happily
Hardily
Hardly
Heartily
Heavily
Hesitatingly
Highly
Honestly
Hourly
Hugely
Humanly
Hushfully
Раз в полгода
Счастливо, успешно, удачно
Смело
Едва, с трудом; резко, сурово
Сердечно, искренне, сильно, очень
Тяжело, сильно
Нерешительно
Весьма, сильно; высоко; благоприятно
Честно, искренне, правильно
Ежечасно, часто, постоянно
Очень, весьма
По-человечески; гуманно, человечно
Приглушенно, в полголоса
I
Ideally
Immediately
Immensely
Implicitly
Imploringly
Incidentally
Incontinently
Идеально, превосходно
Немедленно, тот час же; непосредственно
Безмерно, очень
Косвенным образом; безоговорочно
Умоляюще, с мольбой
Случайно, несущественно; между прочим
Несдержанно; тотчас, немедленно
20
Increasingly
Indefinably
Indifferently
Indignantly
Indulgently
Industrially
Ingratiatingly
Initially
Insensibly
Insignificantly
Insinuatingly
Instantly
Internally
Inversely
Inwordly
Все больше и больше
Расплывчато, неопределенно
Равнодушно, безразлично; непосредственно
С негодованием, возмущенно
Снисходительно; милостиво
С индустриально точки зрения
Заискивающе, льстиво
В начальной стадии, в исходном положении
Незаметно, постепенно
Незначительно
Вкрадчиво; неопределенно, туманно
Немедленно, тотчас
Внутренне
Обратно
Внутри, внутрь; в уме, в душе, про себя
J
Jointly
Jolly
Justly
Совместно, вообще
Очень, чрезвычайно
Справедливо, законно
K
Kindly
Kingly
Knightly
Knowingly
Доброжелательно, любезно; легко; приятно
По-королевски, величественно
По-рыцарски, благородно
Сознательно, намеренно; понимающе, искусно, ловко, умело
L
Largelly
Lastly
Lately
Latterly
Leisurely
Lightly
Likely
Lively
Locally
Loosely
Loudly
Lowly
Lubberly
Luckily
В значительной степени; обильно, щедро
Наконец, в заключении
Недавно; за последнее время
Недавно; к конце, под конец
Спокойно, не спеша
Слегка, несерьезно, легко, безразлично, беспечно
Вероятно
Живо, весело, оживленно
В определенном месте; в местном масштабе
Свободно
Громко, шумно, кричаще
Скромно
Неуклюже, несмело
К счастью, по счастливой случайности
M
Mainly
Masterly
Materially
Meaningly
Meanly
Mentally
Merelly
Merrily
Mightily
Главным образом
Мастерски
Существенным образом; материально; фактически
Многозначительно; сознательно, нарочно
Подло низко; слабо, посредственно
Умственно, мысленно
Только, просто, единственно
Весело, оживленно
Мощно, сильно, очень
21
Militarily
Minutely
Miserably
Mistakenly
Momentarily
Momently
Monthly
Morally
Mortally
Mostly
Motherly
Mutually
Воинственно; по-военному
Подробно, точно
Несчастно, ужасно
Ошибочно; неуместно
На мгновение, немедленно, ежеминутно
С минуты на минуты, на мгновение
Ежемесячно
Морально, нравственно, добродетельно
Смертельно
По большей части, главным образом
По-матерински
Взаимно, обоюдно
N
Namely
Narrowly
Nationally
Naturally
Nautically
Nearly
Neatly
Necessarily
Neighbourly
Nicely
Niggardly
Nightly
Nobly
Nominally
Northerly
Northwardly
Notably
Notedly
Noticeably
Numerously
А именно, то есть
Узко, тесно; чуть подробно, точно
С общенациональной точки зрения, в национальном духе
Конечно; по природе, от рождения; естественно
По-флотски
Близко, приблизительно, почти
Аккуратно, опрятно; четко, ясно; искусно
Обязательно, непременно
По-соседски
Хорошо, мило, любезно, приятно
Скупо, скудно
Ночью, по ночам
Благородно, прекрасно, превосходно
Номинально
К северу
К северу, на север
Исключительно, особенно; весьма
В значительной степени, заметно
Заметно, значительно
В большом количестве
O
Obligingly
Occasionally
Oddly
Officially
Only
Openly
Orally
Ordinarily
Originally
Outwardly
Overly
Overtly
Любезно, услужливо, вежливо
Изредка, время от времени
Странно
Официально, формально
Только, исключительно
Открыто, откровенно, публично
Устно
Обычно, обыкновенно
Первоначально, по происхождению, оригинально
Внешне, снаружи, на вид
Чрезмерно, слишком
Открыто, публично, откровенно
P
Particularly
Partly
Passingly
Очень, чрезвычайно, особенно, индивидуально
Частью, частично, отчасти
Мимоходом; очень
22
Patently
Peculiarly
Perennially
Perfectly
Periodically
Permanently
Perplexedly
Personally
Pithily
Pityingly
Plainly
Pleasently
Politely
Politially
Poorly
Popularly
Явно, очевидно, открыто
Особенно; лично
Всегда, вечно, постоянно
Совершенно, вполне, отлично
Периодически; время от времени
Постоянно, надолго, перманентно
Недоуменно, растерянно
Лично, персонально, что касается меня
В точку, по существу
С жалостью, к сожалению
Прямо, открыто
Любезно; весело, приятно
Вежливо, любезно
Расчетливо, хитро
Скудно, плохо; жалко, неудачно
Всенародно; популярно
Bibliography
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2. Бархударов Л. С. Язык и перевод. М., 1975., - 183 с.
3. Бўранов Ж. Инглиз ва ўзбек тиллари қиёсий грамматикаси. Т., 1973.,
- 134 б.
4. Бондарко Л.В. Грамматическая категория и контекст . Л., 1971., - 177
с.
5. Иванова И.Б., Рогенцов Г.Г. Теоретическая грамматика английского
языка. М.. 1981., - 158 с.
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8. Close R.A. A reference grammar for students of English . M., 1979., 167 p.
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