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Marbury(one of Adams’s midnight judges)v Madison(secretary of state):1803, the Supreme court affirmed the doctrine of judiciary review(the power of the Supreme court to review the constitutionality of acts of congress and the states) Hay-Herrán Treaty: 1903, allowed US to construct a canal in Panama, if Columbia sold a strip of land across the Isthmus, (for 10 million dollars) and for an annual rent of 250.000 dollars after 9 years NIRA: National Industrial Recovery Act, 1933, part of(the “backbone” of) the New Deal, 1933, codes of fair competition, right of collective bargaining guaranteed, it included that codes should establish minimum wages and maximal working hours, the act was considered unconstitutional by the Supreme Court TVA: Tennessee Valley Authority,1935, the US government’s first involvement in regional planning: economic development, recreation, reforestation, price of electricity reduced by 40%, later crucial help in Manhattan Project Red scare: 1.)fear of radical movements after WWI, 2.)same after World War 2, House Committee on Un-American Activities established in 1938, prosecution and witch-hunt of communists Cash-and-carry: 1939, US policy: any power could purchase arms and materials in the US, if the could pa in cash and carry the goods away on their own ships, this in fact favoured the British and the French The TET offensive: 1968, January: querilla forces attacked Americans even in Saigon, this arose the doubts in the Americans in the formerly alleged victories, this was a turning point in the evaluation of the war, very strong anti-war feelings were raised Gadsden purchase: 1853, final territorial settlement of US-Mexico, US received the presentday S-Arizona, and New New Mexico, Mexico got 15million dollars, and US assumes all claims of its citizens against Mexico Emancipation Proclamation: President Lincoln issued the proclamation in1863 (Jan), :all persons held as slaves in the rebellious territories would be free Missouri Compromise: 1820-21, Missouri territory petitioned for statehood, but as it was a slave-holding territory this would have upset the balance of salve-holding, and anti-slavery favouring states(in Senate), thus as a compromise Maine was also admitted to the states, and slavery was prohibited north of 36°30’, parallel to Louisiana territory…(the later was declared unconstitutional) The Pentagon Papers: multivolume studies on the Vietnam war commissioned by McNamara (Secretary of Defence), but D. Ellsberg and A. J. Russo copied it and sent it to the newspapers, which started to publish it from the 1870s, this could not be stopped… Counterculture: during Vietnam war students alienated from the government propaganda (e.g.: speeches in universities), the main ideas of counterculture movements were: antitheses the mainstream American culture: communalism, sharing and harmony instead of careerism and competition, “symbols”: jeans, long hair, drugs, anti-war attitudes) Truman Doctrine: 1947(march), asked the Congress to provide economic help to Turkey and Greece, which faced communist-led insurrection, Truman declared that US would assist any country facing similar problems( this was considered an expression of containment policy) Massive retaliation: instead of the to “mild” containment policy Dulles proposed the “rollback of communism”, and a more aggressive policy Watergate scandal: 1972, during the presidential race some people employed by the Nixon administration broke into the Headquarters of the Democratic party, investigations led to the White house, where cover-up started, and Nixon obstructed the truth when questioned, Nixon had to resign in August to avoid impeachment, Ford pardoned him… Platt Amendment: American-Cuban relation were determined on basis of it for 3 decades after 1901, it stated the independence of Cuba, the island was not to conclude treaties that would impair its independence, US was to be allowed to intervene any time for the preservation of independence of Cuba Louisiana Purchase: 1803, the Louisiana territory(from Mississippi to Rocky mountains and the Spanish possessions in the South-West) was bought from the French, originally they only wanted to purchase the Isle of Orleans, where New Orleans stood, but were offered the whole territory for 15million dollars Dred Scott v Sanford:1857, DS a slave sued his master claiming that he became free when taken to a slavery prohibiting territory by his master, decision:1.) DS was not a citizen of Missouri, not even of US thus cannot sue his master, 2.) Slaves were properties and the government has no right to prohibit owning a certain kind of property, thus Missouri compromise was unconstitutional, 3.) the status of a property will not change if it is taken to some other place Four freedoms: F. D. Roosevelt in speech to the congress announced that the world should be created upon the principles of four human freedoms: f. of speech, f. of religion, f. from want and f. from fear Sacco- Vanzetti case: 1920, two Italian anarchists were arrested for armed robbery, and although counter-evidence existed they were executed in 1927, a manifestation of the Red scare Spoils system: idea proposed by senator Marry from New York in 1832, it practically meant that party affiliations played a crucial role in appointment to offices, presently 90% of the federal positions is filled on the basis of Civil service classification lists and only the rest is let for people outside… Atlantic charter: 1941, F. D. Roosevelt and W. Churchill, described an idealistic world after the war: opposition to territorial changes against the will of people, people can chose what form of government they prefer, equal access to trade and raw materials of the world, freedom of the seas, the four freedoms… Eisenhower Doctrine: 1957, the president announced in an address to the Congress, that the US would provide economic and military help to the Middle-East countries to stop soviet expansion in the area Great society: first used by president Johnson in 1964, he applied it to his program to abolish poverty and provide education and opportunities to all Cuban missile crisis: US intelligence discovered in Oct 1962 that the soviets were deploying nuclear missiles around San Christobal in Cuba, Kennedy demanded publicly that the soviets withdrew, there were several days, when there was a great possibility of the outbreak of a war, but then the Soviets withdrew Plessy v Ferguson: landmark Supreme Court decision in 1896, legalised separate but equal treatment in connection with different races(Brown v Board of education at Topeka, 1954: separate treatment is unconstitutional) Dollar diplomacy: policy of supporting Us economic interest abroad and using economic resources to achieve political goals (policies Theodore Roosevelt and W. H. Taft in the Caribbean central America in the first decade of the 20th century were called so) Kitchen cabinet: term applied to Jackson’s intimate advisors who formulated the policies of the administration in reality, while the official Cabinet merely executed departmental duties AAA: 1933, Agricultural Adjustment Act, stabilisation of farm prices, aimed at reducing overproduction of farm crops and giving farmers a larger purchasing power, it was declared unconstitutionally by the Supreme Court , in 1936 2nd AAA: federal crop insurance and a system of parity payments introduced Nation of Islam: Black Muslims, movement founded in Detroit, 1930, leaders later: Elijah Muhammed, denounced Christianity as a means of white suppression, advocated black racial superiority and black separatism Wilmot Proviso: 1846, Rep. David Wilmot of Pennsylvania suggested that slavery not be allowed in the territories acquired in the Mexican-American War(46-48), after long, fierce debates the Proviso was killed in Congress SNCC: Students Nonviolent coordinating Committee: April, 1960, to coordinate the civil rights activities of the southern, black college students, it radicalised in the 1960s, endorsed black separatism and revolutionary violence Carter Doctrine: 1980, in stet of Union address: an attack by any outside force to gain control in the Persian Gulf region will be regarded an assault on the vital interest of US, repelled by any means including military ones Abraham Lincoln: Republican president of the U.S. (1861-65). Lincoln beleived that his paramount task should be saving the Union. He became an outstanding commander-in-chief and statesman is office. He was shot by a Southern sympatizer in 1865. Theodore Roosevelt: president of the U.S (1901-1909), advocated progressive reforms in the country:he wished to restrict the power of the big corporations, to regulate the railboards, to introduce reforms in the civil service and to initiate large-scale programs for national conservation. He also supported the construction of the Panama Canal, continued the Open Door Policy Social security Act: it introduced a system under which payroll tax was imposed to create pension fundsm and the act also provided for a system of unemployment insurance. The first measure of kind in the history of the U.S.; it provided for federal grants to states to contribute to their expenditures realted to welfare payments, while another title of the act granted federal assistance for child welfare services Fourteen Points: President Wilson’s ideas about American peace terms expressed in a speech delivered to Congress in 1918. The Fourteen Points were accepted by the Allies with certain reservations: (1) replacing the European balance of power with a world that would be open and free economically and largely self-determined politically; and (2) offering a liberal alternative to Bolshevism The Gulf of Tonkin resolution: (August 7, 1964) after the incident between the Maddox and North Vietnamiese patrol boatsin the Tonkin Gulf, Congress authorized President Johnson “to take all necessary meaures to repeal any armed attack against the forces of the U.S. The resolution was repealed in 1971. Vertical integration of business: companies at all levels of production were purchased by a single individual, who thus gained control power over production from the raw material to the finished product. Herber Hoover: president of the U.S (1929-1933) as a beleiver in economic laissez-faire he initiated only inadequate measures to alleviate the consequences of the Depression. The Crittenden Peace Resolution: in 1860, the last suggestion for a compromise, which suggested the extension of the Missiouri Compromise line as far as the Pacific rejected Lyndon B. Johnson: president of the U.S (1963-69), Though he was arguably the most reform-minded president, he is mostly remembered as the President who involved America in the Vietnam War and who was chased out of the White House because of his Vietnam politics. In his period the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and 1968 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 passed: his main vision was to abolish poverty in America The Bay of Pigs incident: (April 17, 1961) a group of CIA-trained Cuban anti-Castro forces landed in Cuba to topple the Communist leader’s power with the help of an expected popular insurrection on the island. However, because of the false hopes and logistical mistakes, the members of the group were either killed or captured by the Castro forces. The incident was a major setback for the prestige of the Kennedy administration Calvin Coolidge: President of the U.S. (1923-1929); after being Vice-President he succeeded Warren G. Harding upon Harding’s death. He favoured laissez-faire policy toward business and tax cuts during the prosperity years in the 1920s. He typified the conservative Republican thoughts of the age The Lustitania case: the British ocean liner was torpedoed by a German submarine off the coast of Ireland on May, 7 1915. The wilson administration demanded that Germany observe the rights of the neutral countries on the hihgh seas. This is the symbol Of German cruality. The Atlantic Charter: was signed by Franklin D. Roosevelt and Winston Churchill at a meeting in August 1941. The carter spelt out an idealistic world order after the war: oppostion to territorial cahnges against wishes of the people concerned; the right of the people to choose their own form of government; equal acces to trade and raw materials of the world; freedom of the seas; freedom from want to fear; the establishment of a permanent system of peace; and the promotion of the welfare state Containment: George F. Kennan’s “Long Telegram”: he propoes that the Soviet Union be “contained” (the American strategy regarding the postwar rivalry with the Soviet Union ) John Foster Dulles: secretary of state (1953-59), he critized the containment policy as too passive and advocated the “rollback of Communism” and the doctrine of “massive retaliation” The three-fifth clause in the Constitution: a deal between the nothern and southern delegates at the Constitutional Convention. The compromise provided that a slave was counted as three-fifth of a person both as regard property in the apportionment of federal taxes and as far as the size of the individual state’s delegations in the House of Representatives was concerned D-Day: Allied troops landing in Normandy on June 6, 1944 (the beginning of Operation Overlord). The Allied troops liberated France and then , after the last German counterattack in the Ardennes in December 1944, they entered Germany from the West John F. Kennedy: president of the U.S. (1961-63). He was a Representative and a Senator before being elected President. He advocated reforms at home (New Frontier) in fields like ducation and civil rights, while abroad he ‘opened’ toward Latin America and the Third Wold (with the creation of the Peace of Corps). He was assassinated in Dallas, TX, on November 22, 1963 The Battle of Gettysburg: on July 1-3, 1863: arguably the msot important battle of the Civil War. Gen.Meade manages to prevent Lee’S army from breaking further into Union territories (Pennsylvania) The Spanish-American war: it started with destruction of the battleship U.S.S. Maine in the harbor of Havana on 15 February, 1898, plus the De Lome Letter served as enough excuse for the President to ask Congress to declare war on Spain. The ‘splenid little war’ ended within weeks with complete American victory both in Cuba and in the Pacific, where Admiral George Dewey defeated the Spanish navy in Manilla Bay. Joseph McCarthy: U.S. Senator from Wisconsin, from the late 1940s on he pursued an exrteme right-wing policy by carrying on a crusade against liberals and suspected left-wing sympatisers. Delivered a campaign to uncover spies and Communist sympatisers in the administration The Mexican - American War (1846-48): the hostilities begins in 1846, and the U.S. Congress declares war on May 13. Mexico broke off diplomatic relations with the U.S. when Texas was admitted into the Union in 1845. They argued about the borderlines. More and more Americans wished to bring California to the Union, and when Maxicans refused to sell the disputed lands, American troops moved to the Rio Grande. Finally, in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo of 1848 Mexico ceded all the disputed lands to the U.S. Andrew Jackson: president of the U.S. (1829-37), He earned a reputation as a military hero when he defeated the British at the Battle of New Orleans in 1815. He promised to introduce more democracy in all walks of life, including the government. He dfened the Union, but wished to decentralize power at the same time. He was the first president to be elected from the West (Tennessee) and the first to use the veto power extensively Andrew Johnson: president of the U.S. (1865-69). Before the Civil War, he was a Congressman, governor of Tennessee, and a Senator. As vice-president he succeeded Lincoln in 1865. Because of his conservative views he clashed with the Radical Republicans on a number of questions. When he dismissed his Secretary of War, disregarding the Tenure of Office Act, a movemnet was started in Congress to impeach him, but one vote was missing from the necessary two-third majority in the Senate. Civil War Amendments: (Reconstruction Acts) = suggested a new reconstruction: slavery was abolished by the 13th Amendment in 1865, the 14th Amendment divided the southern states except Tennesse into five military districts, later T. was re-admitted to the Union, the 15th Amendment came into force (voting rights cannot be denied on account of race) in 1870. All of them were vetoed by President Johnson ‘to make the world safe for democracy’: President Wilson said, in connection with the WWI. Wagner Act of 1935: (National Labor Relation Act): it was passed in 1935 to replace Section 7(a) of the NIRA, which was declared unconstitunional by the Supreme Court in the Schechter case. Its most important provisions were the encouragement of collective bargaining, the outlawing of company unions, and the legality of the ‘closed shops’ The venues of the meetings of the Big Three during WW II: Teheran (November 28December 1, 1943), Jalta (February 4-11, 1945), Potsdam (July 17-August 2) Housing Act of 1968? Parity system?