Download Marbury(one of Adams`s midnight judges)v Madison(secretary of state)

Definitions for the History of the US course (Magyarics Tamás) ANN-233
AAA: 1933, Agricultural Adjustment Act, stabilisation of
farm prices, aimed at reducing overproduction of farm
crops and giving farmers a larger purchasing power, it was
declared unconstitutionally by the Supreme Court , in 1936
2nd AAA: federal crop insurance and a system of parity
payments introduced
American revenue Act (Sugar Act of 1764): the act was
aimed at stopping the wholesale smuggling of molasses
into North America by lowering the duty on this
commodity.
Andrew Jackson: pres. 1829-37. Military hero of the
Battle of New Orleans (against the British), cultivated the
image of the men-in-the-street and promised to introduce
more democracy in all walks of life.
Andrew Johnson: pres 1865-69. Conservative views,
clashed with the Radical Republicans.
Articles of Confederation: the first written constitution of
the U.S.: it was approved by Congress on Nov 14, 1777
and it became law on Mar. 1, 1781 when all the states had
ratified it.
Atlantic Charter: 1941, F. D. Roosevelt and W.
Churchill, described an idealistic world after the war:
opposition to territorial changes against the will of people.
People can chose what form of government they prefer,
equal access to trade and raw materials of the world,
freedom of the seas, the four freedoms…
Battle of Gettysburg: the most important battle of the
Civil War: Gen. Meade manages to prevent Lee’s army
from breaking further into Union territories. (July 1-3.
1863)
Bill of Rights: the name applied to the first then
Amendments to the Constitution; however, it is often used
to include later amendments concerning rights or liberties
as well.
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Boston Massacre: On March 5, 1770 a crowd taunted and
jeered a group of British soldiers, who fired into the
people, allegedly in self-defense. Anglo-British emotions
flared up after the incident in North American colonies.
Boston Tea Party: On December 16, 1773 a group of
Bostonians, dressed as Indians, boarded some British ships
loaded with tea and threw the shipments into the sea in
protest against the British government’s preferential
treatment of the East India Company.
Calvin Coolidge: President of the US 1923-29, governor
of Massachusetts in 19-20, then became VP and succeeded
Warren G. Harding. Favoured laissez-faire policy toward
business and tax cuts during the 1920s. Typified the
conservative Republican thought of the age.
Carter Doctrine: 1980, in stet of Union address: an attack
by any outside force to gain control in the Persian Gulf
region will be regarded an assault on the vital interest of
US, repelled by any means including military ones
Cash-and-carry: 1939, US policy: any power could
purchase arms and materials in the US, if the could pa in
cash and carry the goods away on their own ships, this in
fact favoured the British and the French
Confederation: the period between the ratification of the
Articles of Confederation (1781) and the acceptance of the
new Constitution (1788).
Connecticut Compromise: the reconciliation of the
Virginia Plan, supported by the larger states, and the New
Jersey Plan, supported by the small states: it proposed a
bicameral legislation, in which one house should provide
equal representation to the states, while the other sould be
a proportional one.
Containment: the principle suggested in George F.
Kennan’s Long Telegram: post-war rivalry with the Soviet
Union.
Counterculture: during Vietnam war students alienated
from the government propaganda (e.g.: speeches in
universities), the main ideas of counterculture movements
were: antitheses the mainstream American culture:
communalism, sharing and harmony instead of careerism
and competition, “symbols”: jeans, long hair, drugs, antiwar attitudes)
Crittenden Peace Resolution: Senator Crittenden
proposed the Missouri compromise line to be extended to
the Pacific, and non-interference by Congress in slavery
where it existed, the proposal was rejected (Dec. 1860)
Cuban missile crisis: US intelligence discovered in Oct
1962 that the soviets were deploying nuclear missiles
around San Christobal in Cuba, Kennedy demanded
publicly that the soviets withdrew, there were several days,
when there was a great possibility of the outbreak of a war,
but then the Soviets withdrew
Dollar diplomacy: policy of supporting Us economic
interest abroad and using economic resources to achieve
political goals (policies Theodore Roosevelt and W. H.
Taft in the Caribbean central America in the first decade of
the 20th century were called so)
Dred Scott v Sanford: 1857, DS a slave sued his master
claiming that he became free when taken to a slavery
prohibiting territory by his master, decision:1.) DS was not
a citizen of Missouri, not even of US thus can’t sue his
master, 2.) Slaves were properties and the government has
no right to prohibit owning a certain kind of property, thus
Missouri compromise was unconstitutional, 3.) the status
of a property will not change if it is taken to some other
place
Eisenhower Doctrine: 1957, the president announced in
an address to the Congress, that the US would provide
economic and military help to the Middle-East countries to
stop soviet expansion in the area
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Definitions for the History of the US course (Magyarics Tamás) ANN-233
Emancipation Proclamation: President Lincoln issued
the proclamation in January 1863: all persons held as
slaves in the rebellious territories would be free.
Four freedoms: F. D. Roosevelt in speech to the congress
announced that the world should be created upon the
principles of four human freedoms: f. of speech, f. of
religion, f. from want and f. from fear
Fourteen points: President Wilson spelt out the American
peace terms in a speech delivered to Congress on January
8, 1918. It became the legal basis for the treaty of peace;
concerning the freedom of the seas and the German
reparation payment.
Gadsden purchase: 1853, final territorial settlement of
US-Mexico, US received the present-day S-Arizona, and
New Mexico, Mexico got 15million dollars, and US
assumes all claims of its citizens against Mexico
General Court: a New England bicameral legislature,
which meant the meeting of the governor and the assistants
(the upper house) and the deputies, i.e. the propertied
freemen (lower house). It possessed legislative and judicial
rights.
Great society: first used by president Johnson in 1964, he
applied it to his program to abolish poverty and provide
education and opportunities to all
Hay-Herrán Treaty: 1903, allowed US to construct a
canal in Panama, if Columbia sold a strip of land across the
Isthmus, (for 10 million dollars) and for an annual rent of
250.000 dollars after 9 years
Herbert Hoover: pres. 29-33, believer of economic
laissez-faire, initiated only inadequate measures to
alleviate the consequences of the Depression.
Housing Act of 1968: Civil Rights Act: prohibited
discrimination on the basis of race, religion or national
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origin in selling or renting houses. The act also included
civil right protections, Indian rights and antiriot clauses
Salem in 1631 and established Boston the same year. The
charter was rescinded in 1684.
Intolerable Acts (Coercive Acts): The British government
passed a series of acts in retaliation for the Boston Tea
Party in spring 1774; they are commonly referred to as ~.
Massive retaliation: instead of the to “mild” containment
policy Dulles proposed the “rollback of communism”, and
a more aggressive policy
John Foster Dulles: Secretary of State. He criticized the
containment policy as too passive and advocated the
“rollback of Communism” and the doctrine of “massive
retaliation”.
Mayflower Compact: a covenant made by 41 male males
on board the Mayflower on November 1, 1920, in which
they established a civil government on the settlement.
Joseph McCarthy: US senator from Wisconsin 1908-57.
From the late 1940s on he pursued an extreme right-wing
policy by carrying on a crusade against liberals and
suspected left-wing sympathizers.
Kitchen cabinet: term applied to Jackson’s intimate
advisors who formulated the policies of the administration
in reality, while the official Cabinet merely executed
departmental duties
Louisiana Purchase: 1803, the Louisiana territory(from
Mississippi to Rocky mountains and the Spanish
possessions in the South-West) was bought from the
French, originally they only wanted to purchase the Isle of
Orleans, where New Orleans stood, but were offered the
whole territory for 15million dollars
Lyndon B Johnson: pres. 1963-69. The most reformminded president. Involved US in the Vietnam War, and
was almost chased out from the White House because of
his policies there.
Marbury (one of Adams’s midnight judges) v Madison
(secretary of state): 1803, the Supreme Court affirmed the
doctrine of judiciary review (the power of the Supreme
Court to review the constitutionality of acts of congress
and the states)
Massachusetts Bay Company: was formed by English
Puritans in 1628, who received charter in 1629, arrived in
Mexican-American War: 1846, Pennsylvania introduced
an amendment that slavery should be prohibited in the
territories secured from Mexico.
Missouri Compromise: 1820-21, Missouri territory
petitioned for statehood, but as it was a slave-holding
territory this would have upset the balance of salveholding, and anti-slavery favouring states(in Senate), thus
as a compromise Maine was also admitted to the states,
and slavery was prohibited north of 36°30’, parallel to
Louisiana
territory…(the
later
was
declared
unconstitutional)
Nation of Islam: Black Muslims, movement founded in
Detroit, 1930, leaders later: Elijah Muhammed, denounced
Christianity as a means of white suppression, advocated
black racial superiority and black separatism
NIRA: National Industrial Recovery Act, 1933, part of(the
“backbone” of) the New Deal, 1933, codes of fair
competition, right of collective bargaining guarantied, it
included that codes should establish minimum wages and
maximal working hours, the act was considered
unconstitutional by the Supreme Court
Pentagon Papers: a multivolume study on the Vietnam
War commissioned by the secretary of defense McNamara.
Daniel Ellsberg & Anthony J. Russo copied the documents
and passed them to newspapers that published them until
the govt managed to stop them in 71.
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Definitions for the History of the US course (Magyarics Tamás) ANN-233
Pentagon Papers: multivolume studies on the Vietnam
War commissioned by McNamara (Secretary of Defence),
but D. Ellsberg and A. J. Russo copied it and sent it to the
newspapers, which started to publish it from the 1870s,
this could not be stopped…
Platt Amendment: American-Cuban relation were
determined on basis of it for 3 decades after 1901, it stated
the independence of Cuba, the island was not to conclude
treaties that would impair its independence, US was to be
allowed to intervene any time for the preservation of
independence of Cuba
Plessy v Ferguson: landmark Supreme Court decision in
1896, legalised separate but equal treatment in connection
with different races (Brown v Board of education at
Topeka, 1954: separate treatment is unconstitutional)
Proclamation of 1763: the measure, among other things,
forbade the American settlers to move beyond the
Alleghanies, the ‘Proclamation Line’ in an attempt to
avoid clashes between them and Native Americans.
Red scare: 1.)fear of radical movements after WWI,
2.)same after World War 2; big rush to sweep out ‘spies’.
House Committee on Un-American Activities established
in 1938, prosecution and witch-hunt of communists,
Senator McCarthy.
Sacco-Vanzetti case: 1920, two Italian anarchists were
arrested for armed robbery, and although counter-evidence
existed they were executed in 1927, a manifestation of the
Red scare
SNCC: Students Non-violent Coordinating Committee:
April, 1960, to coordinate the civil rights activities of the
southern, black college students, it radicalised in the
1960s, endorsed black separatism and revolutionary
violence
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Spanish-American War: ‘little splendid war’ between the
U.S. and Spain on Cuba, April 1898. The U.S defeated the
Spanish navy in Manila Bay. =>Platt Amendment
Spoils system: the idea proposed by senator Marry from
New York in 1832, it practically meant that party
affiliations played a crucial role in appointment to offices,
presently 90% of the federal positions is filled on the basis
of Civil service classification lists and only the rest is let
for people outside…
Stamp Act of 1765: the first direct tax levied on the
American colonies by the British Parliament; a tax on all
legal documents, newspapers, pamphlets, etc. The aim of
the government was to raise enough money to pay for the
expenses of the troops stationed in North America.
TET offensive: 1968, January: querilla forces attacked
Americans even in Saigon, this arose the doubts in the
Americans in the formerly alleged victories, this was a
turning point in the evaluation of the war, very strong antiwar feelings were raised
Theodore Roosevelt: pres. 1901-9; succeeded McKinley
upon the president’s death in Sept 1901. R. advocated
progressive reforms in the country: wished to restrict the
power of the big corporations, to regulate the railroads, to
introduce reforms in the civil service, and to initiate largescale programs for national conservation. Forceful foreign
policy: Panama Canal, Open Door policy etc.
TVA: Tennessee Valley Authority, 1935, the US
government’s first involvement in regional planning:
economic development, recreation, reforestation, price of
electricity reduced by 40%, later crucial help in Manhattan
Project
Wagner Act of 1935: National Labour Relations Act,
NLRA, It was created to replace section 7 of NRA, which
was declared unconstitutional by Supreme Court, it
included encouragement of collective bargaining, outlawed
company unions, legalised “closed shops”
Watergate scandal: 1972, during the presidential race
some people employed by the Nixon administration broke
into the Headquarters of the Democratic party,
investigations led to the White house, where cover-up
started, and Nixon obstructed the truth when questioned,
Nixon had to resign in August to avoid impeachment, Ford
pardoned him…
Wilmot Proviso: 1846, Rep. David Wilmot of
Pennsylvania suggested that slavery not be allowed in the
territories acquired in the Mexican-American War (184648); after long, fierce debates the Proviso was killed in
Congress
Treaty of Paris (1763): put an end to the Anglo-French
war waged on three continents. As far as North America
was concerned, France ceded all territories east of the
Mississippi to Britain (except New Orleans) ant the whole
Canada.
Truman Doctrine: 1947 (March), asked the Congress to
provide economic help to Turkey and Greece, which faced
communist-led insurrection, Truman declared that US
would assist any country facing similar problems (this was
considered an expression of containment policy)
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