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Definitions for the History of the US course (Magyarics Tamás) ANN-233 AAA: 1933, Agricultural Adjustment Act, stabilisation of farm prices, aimed at reducing overproduction of farm crops and giving farmers a larger purchasing power, it was declared unconstitutionally by the Supreme Court , in 1936 2nd AAA: federal crop insurance and a system of parity payments introduced American revenue Act (Sugar Act of 1764): the act was aimed at stopping the wholesale smuggling of molasses into North America by lowering the duty on this commodity. Andrew Jackson: pres. 1829-37. Military hero of the Battle of New Orleans (against the British), cultivated the image of the men-in-the-street and promised to introduce more democracy in all walks of life. Andrew Johnson: pres 1865-69. Conservative views, clashed with the Radical Republicans. Articles of Confederation: the first written constitution of the U.S.: it was approved by Congress on Nov 14, 1777 and it became law on Mar. 1, 1781 when all the states had ratified it. Atlantic Charter: 1941, F. D. Roosevelt and W. Churchill, described an idealistic world after the war: opposition to territorial changes against the will of people. People can chose what form of government they prefer, equal access to trade and raw materials of the world, freedom of the seas, the four freedoms… Battle of Gettysburg: the most important battle of the Civil War: Gen. Meade manages to prevent Lee’s army from breaking further into Union territories. (July 1-3. 1863) Bill of Rights: the name applied to the first then Amendments to the Constitution; however, it is often used to include later amendments concerning rights or liberties as well. Page 1 Boston Massacre: On March 5, 1770 a crowd taunted and jeered a group of British soldiers, who fired into the people, allegedly in self-defense. Anglo-British emotions flared up after the incident in North American colonies. Boston Tea Party: On December 16, 1773 a group of Bostonians, dressed as Indians, boarded some British ships loaded with tea and threw the shipments into the sea in protest against the British government’s preferential treatment of the East India Company. Calvin Coolidge: President of the US 1923-29, governor of Massachusetts in 19-20, then became VP and succeeded Warren G. Harding. Favoured laissez-faire policy toward business and tax cuts during the 1920s. Typified the conservative Republican thought of the age. Carter Doctrine: 1980, in stet of Union address: an attack by any outside force to gain control in the Persian Gulf region will be regarded an assault on the vital interest of US, repelled by any means including military ones Cash-and-carry: 1939, US policy: any power could purchase arms and materials in the US, if the could pa in cash and carry the goods away on their own ships, this in fact favoured the British and the French Confederation: the period between the ratification of the Articles of Confederation (1781) and the acceptance of the new Constitution (1788). Connecticut Compromise: the reconciliation of the Virginia Plan, supported by the larger states, and the New Jersey Plan, supported by the small states: it proposed a bicameral legislation, in which one house should provide equal representation to the states, while the other sould be a proportional one. Containment: the principle suggested in George F. Kennan’s Long Telegram: post-war rivalry with the Soviet Union. Counterculture: during Vietnam war students alienated from the government propaganda (e.g.: speeches in universities), the main ideas of counterculture movements were: antitheses the mainstream American culture: communalism, sharing and harmony instead of careerism and competition, “symbols”: jeans, long hair, drugs, antiwar attitudes) Crittenden Peace Resolution: Senator Crittenden proposed the Missouri compromise line to be extended to the Pacific, and non-interference by Congress in slavery where it existed, the proposal was rejected (Dec. 1860) Cuban missile crisis: US intelligence discovered in Oct 1962 that the soviets were deploying nuclear missiles around San Christobal in Cuba, Kennedy demanded publicly that the soviets withdrew, there were several days, when there was a great possibility of the outbreak of a war, but then the Soviets withdrew Dollar diplomacy: policy of supporting Us economic interest abroad and using economic resources to achieve political goals (policies Theodore Roosevelt and W. H. Taft in the Caribbean central America in the first decade of the 20th century were called so) Dred Scott v Sanford: 1857, DS a slave sued his master claiming that he became free when taken to a slavery prohibiting territory by his master, decision:1.) DS was not a citizen of Missouri, not even of US thus can’t sue his master, 2.) Slaves were properties and the government has no right to prohibit owning a certain kind of property, thus Missouri compromise was unconstitutional, 3.) the status of a property will not change if it is taken to some other place Eisenhower Doctrine: 1957, the president announced in an address to the Congress, that the US would provide economic and military help to the Middle-East countries to stop soviet expansion in the area Please report mistakes or additional definitions to [email protected] Definitions for the History of the US course (Magyarics Tamás) ANN-233 Emancipation Proclamation: President Lincoln issued the proclamation in January 1863: all persons held as slaves in the rebellious territories would be free. Four freedoms: F. D. Roosevelt in speech to the congress announced that the world should be created upon the principles of four human freedoms: f. of speech, f. of religion, f. from want and f. from fear Fourteen points: President Wilson spelt out the American peace terms in a speech delivered to Congress on January 8, 1918. It became the legal basis for the treaty of peace; concerning the freedom of the seas and the German reparation payment. Gadsden purchase: 1853, final territorial settlement of US-Mexico, US received the present-day S-Arizona, and New Mexico, Mexico got 15million dollars, and US assumes all claims of its citizens against Mexico General Court: a New England bicameral legislature, which meant the meeting of the governor and the assistants (the upper house) and the deputies, i.e. the propertied freemen (lower house). It possessed legislative and judicial rights. Great society: first used by president Johnson in 1964, he applied it to his program to abolish poverty and provide education and opportunities to all Hay-Herrán Treaty: 1903, allowed US to construct a canal in Panama, if Columbia sold a strip of land across the Isthmus, (for 10 million dollars) and for an annual rent of 250.000 dollars after 9 years Herbert Hoover: pres. 29-33, believer of economic laissez-faire, initiated only inadequate measures to alleviate the consequences of the Depression. Housing Act of 1968: Civil Rights Act: prohibited discrimination on the basis of race, religion or national Page 2 origin in selling or renting houses. The act also included civil right protections, Indian rights and antiriot clauses Salem in 1631 and established Boston the same year. The charter was rescinded in 1684. Intolerable Acts (Coercive Acts): The British government passed a series of acts in retaliation for the Boston Tea Party in spring 1774; they are commonly referred to as ~. Massive retaliation: instead of the to “mild” containment policy Dulles proposed the “rollback of communism”, and a more aggressive policy John Foster Dulles: Secretary of State. He criticized the containment policy as too passive and advocated the “rollback of Communism” and the doctrine of “massive retaliation”. Mayflower Compact: a covenant made by 41 male males on board the Mayflower on November 1, 1920, in which they established a civil government on the settlement. Joseph McCarthy: US senator from Wisconsin 1908-57. From the late 1940s on he pursued an extreme right-wing policy by carrying on a crusade against liberals and suspected left-wing sympathizers. Kitchen cabinet: term applied to Jackson’s intimate advisors who formulated the policies of the administration in reality, while the official Cabinet merely executed departmental duties Louisiana Purchase: 1803, the Louisiana territory(from Mississippi to Rocky mountains and the Spanish possessions in the South-West) was bought from the French, originally they only wanted to purchase the Isle of Orleans, where New Orleans stood, but were offered the whole territory for 15million dollars Lyndon B Johnson: pres. 1963-69. The most reformminded president. Involved US in the Vietnam War, and was almost chased out from the White House because of his policies there. Marbury (one of Adams’s midnight judges) v Madison (secretary of state): 1803, the Supreme Court affirmed the doctrine of judiciary review (the power of the Supreme Court to review the constitutionality of acts of congress and the states) Massachusetts Bay Company: was formed by English Puritans in 1628, who received charter in 1629, arrived in Mexican-American War: 1846, Pennsylvania introduced an amendment that slavery should be prohibited in the territories secured from Mexico. Missouri Compromise: 1820-21, Missouri territory petitioned for statehood, but as it was a slave-holding territory this would have upset the balance of salveholding, and anti-slavery favouring states(in Senate), thus as a compromise Maine was also admitted to the states, and slavery was prohibited north of 36°30’, parallel to Louisiana territory…(the later was declared unconstitutional) Nation of Islam: Black Muslims, movement founded in Detroit, 1930, leaders later: Elijah Muhammed, denounced Christianity as a means of white suppression, advocated black racial superiority and black separatism NIRA: National Industrial Recovery Act, 1933, part of(the “backbone” of) the New Deal, 1933, codes of fair competition, right of collective bargaining guarantied, it included that codes should establish minimum wages and maximal working hours, the act was considered unconstitutional by the Supreme Court Pentagon Papers: a multivolume study on the Vietnam War commissioned by the secretary of defense McNamara. Daniel Ellsberg & Anthony J. Russo copied the documents and passed them to newspapers that published them until the govt managed to stop them in 71. Please report mistakes or additional definitions to [email protected] Definitions for the History of the US course (Magyarics Tamás) ANN-233 Pentagon Papers: multivolume studies on the Vietnam War commissioned by McNamara (Secretary of Defence), but D. Ellsberg and A. J. Russo copied it and sent it to the newspapers, which started to publish it from the 1870s, this could not be stopped… Platt Amendment: American-Cuban relation were determined on basis of it for 3 decades after 1901, it stated the independence of Cuba, the island was not to conclude treaties that would impair its independence, US was to be allowed to intervene any time for the preservation of independence of Cuba Plessy v Ferguson: landmark Supreme Court decision in 1896, legalised separate but equal treatment in connection with different races (Brown v Board of education at Topeka, 1954: separate treatment is unconstitutional) Proclamation of 1763: the measure, among other things, forbade the American settlers to move beyond the Alleghanies, the ‘Proclamation Line’ in an attempt to avoid clashes between them and Native Americans. Red scare: 1.)fear of radical movements after WWI, 2.)same after World War 2; big rush to sweep out ‘spies’. House Committee on Un-American Activities established in 1938, prosecution and witch-hunt of communists, Senator McCarthy. Sacco-Vanzetti case: 1920, two Italian anarchists were arrested for armed robbery, and although counter-evidence existed they were executed in 1927, a manifestation of the Red scare SNCC: Students Non-violent Coordinating Committee: April, 1960, to coordinate the civil rights activities of the southern, black college students, it radicalised in the 1960s, endorsed black separatism and revolutionary violence Page 3 Spanish-American War: ‘little splendid war’ between the U.S. and Spain on Cuba, April 1898. The U.S defeated the Spanish navy in Manila Bay. =>Platt Amendment Spoils system: the idea proposed by senator Marry from New York in 1832, it practically meant that party affiliations played a crucial role in appointment to offices, presently 90% of the federal positions is filled on the basis of Civil service classification lists and only the rest is let for people outside… Stamp Act of 1765: the first direct tax levied on the American colonies by the British Parliament; a tax on all legal documents, newspapers, pamphlets, etc. The aim of the government was to raise enough money to pay for the expenses of the troops stationed in North America. TET offensive: 1968, January: querilla forces attacked Americans even in Saigon, this arose the doubts in the Americans in the formerly alleged victories, this was a turning point in the evaluation of the war, very strong antiwar feelings were raised Theodore Roosevelt: pres. 1901-9; succeeded McKinley upon the president’s death in Sept 1901. R. advocated progressive reforms in the country: wished to restrict the power of the big corporations, to regulate the railroads, to introduce reforms in the civil service, and to initiate largescale programs for national conservation. Forceful foreign policy: Panama Canal, Open Door policy etc. TVA: Tennessee Valley Authority, 1935, the US government’s first involvement in regional planning: economic development, recreation, reforestation, price of electricity reduced by 40%, later crucial help in Manhattan Project Wagner Act of 1935: National Labour Relations Act, NLRA, It was created to replace section 7 of NRA, which was declared unconstitutional by Supreme Court, it included encouragement of collective bargaining, outlawed company unions, legalised “closed shops” Watergate scandal: 1972, during the presidential race some people employed by the Nixon administration broke into the Headquarters of the Democratic party, investigations led to the White house, where cover-up started, and Nixon obstructed the truth when questioned, Nixon had to resign in August to avoid impeachment, Ford pardoned him… Wilmot Proviso: 1846, Rep. David Wilmot of Pennsylvania suggested that slavery not be allowed in the territories acquired in the Mexican-American War (184648); after long, fierce debates the Proviso was killed in Congress Treaty of Paris (1763): put an end to the Anglo-French war waged on three continents. As far as North America was concerned, France ceded all territories east of the Mississippi to Britain (except New Orleans) ant the whole Canada. Truman Doctrine: 1947 (March), asked the Congress to provide economic help to Turkey and Greece, which faced communist-led insurrection, Truman declared that US would assist any country facing similar problems (this was considered an expression of containment policy) Please report mistakes or additional definitions to [email protected]